Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The influence of rare earth La on properties of lead-based alloy anode for zinc electrowinning

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The development of suitable lead alloys anodes is an important target in zinc electrowinning. Here, we prepared Pb-Ag-Ca-Al-La alloys using the melting method with various La contents to investigate the influence of rare earth La on the properties of lead alloys. The effects of La content on the mechanical properties and electrochemical properties of the alloys were studied systematically. The characterization techniques including metallographic structure, hardness, tensile test, cyclic voltammetry, Tafel, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, long-term anodic oxidation, physical composition, and surface morphology were employed to explore the detailed changes. The results show properties of the alloys have been improved to some extent when the content of La is in range 0.003–0.006%. Nevertheless, the properties of the alloy seriously deteriorate when the content of La exceed 0.01%, even worse than those of the alloy without La. The results would provide the support for the preparation and design of improved anode materials in zinc electrowinning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Yang HT et al (2013) Electrochemical behavior of rolled Pb–0.8%Ag anodes. Hydrometallurgy 140:144–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jiang CX et al (2022) Investigation of high current density on zinc electrodeposition and anodic corrosion in zinc electrowinning. J Solid State Electrochem 26(6–7):1455–1467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. He S et al (2020) Electrochemical characteristics of Co3O4-doped β-PbO2 composite anodes used in long-period zinc electrowinning. Hydrometallurgy 194:105357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hannula P-M et al (2019) Energy efficient copper electrowinning and direct deposition on carbon nanotube film from industrial wastewaters. J Clean Prod 207:1033–1039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Lai Y et al (2010) A novel porous Pb–Ag anode for energy-saving in zinc electro-winning: part I: Laboratory preparation and properties. Hydrometallurgy 102(1):73–80

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhang W et al (2019) Lead-silver anode behavior for zinc electrowinning in sulfuric acid solution. Corros Rev 37(2):157–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Alamdari EK et al (2012) On the way to develop co-containing lead anodes for zinc electrowinning. Hydrometallurgy 119–120:77–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Osorio WR, Peixoto LC, Garcia A (2013) The effects of Ag content and dendrite spacing on the electrochemical behavior of Pb-Ag alloys for Pb-acid battery components. J Power Sources 238:324–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang W et al (2019) Electrochemical corrosion behaviors of Pb-Ag anodes by electric current pulse assisted casting. J Electroanal Chem 847:113250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Xu Y et al (2020) Effects of grain refinement on microstructure and electrochemical properties of Pb-(0.5wt.%)Ag anodes for zinc electrowinning. Mater Today Commun 25:101381

  11. Liu J et al (2020) Effect of current density on interface structure and performance of CF/β-PbO2 electrodes during zinc electrowinning. Ceram Int 46(2):2403–2408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Xing X et al (2015) Electrochemical corrosion resistance of CeO2-Cr/Ti coatings on 304 stainless steel via pack cementation. J Rare Earths 33(10):1122–1128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yang H-T et al (2014) Effects of current density on preparation and performance of Al/conductive coating/a-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/ß-PbO2-MnO2-WC-ZrO2 composite electrode materials. Transact Nonferrous Metals Soc China 24(10):3394–3404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hrussanova A, Mirkova L, Dobrev T (2004) Influence of additives on the corrosion rate and oxygen overpotential of Pb–Co3O4, Pb–Ca–Sn and Pb–Sb anodes for copper electrowinning: Part II. Hydrometallurgy 72(3):215–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hrussanova A et al (2004) Influence of temperature and current density on oxygen overpotential and corrosion rate of Pb–Co3O4, Pb–Ca–Sn, and Pb–Sb anodes for copper electrowinning: Part I. Hydrometallurgy 72(3):205–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang Y, Li J, Tian Y (2018) Influence of alloy element addition on the nucleation mechanism of the lead alloy surface and its oxide film properties. J Alloy Compd 750:636–643

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rashkov S et al (1999) Lead–cobalt anodes for electrowinning of zinc from sulphate electrolytes. Hydrometallurgy 52(3):223–230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhang J et al (2017) Study on the properties of Pb–Co3O4–PbO2 composite inert anodes prepared by vacuum hot pressing technique. RSC Adv 7:49166–49176

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Liu J et al (2020) Comparative in vitro study on binary Mg-RE (Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) alloy systems. Acta Biomater 102:508–528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Liu W et al (2009) Effect of rare earth element Ce and La on corrosion behavior of AM60 magnesium alloy. Corros Sci 51(6):1334–1343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Liu H-T et al (2003) The anodic films on lead alloys containing rare-earth elements as positive grids in lead acid battery. Mater Lett 57(29):4597–4600

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Liu H-T et al (2001) Effect of cerium on the anodic corrosion of Pb–Ca–Sn alloy in sulfuric acid solution. J Power Sources 93(1):230–233

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Clancy M et al (2013) The influence of alloying elements on the electrochemistry of lead anodes for electrowinning of metals: A review. Hydrometallurgy 131–132:144–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Yang BF et al (2019) Evaluation of the effect of additive group five elements on the properties of Pb-Ca-Sn-Al alloy as the positive grid for lead-acid batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 23(6):1715–1725

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang X et al (2021) Effect of Mn2+ on the anodic film and corrosion behavior of Pb-Ca-Sn alloy anode in copper electrowinning. Hydrometallurgy 202:105618

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang W et al (2012) The effect of rare earth metals on the microstructure and electrochemical corrosion behavior of lead calcium grid alloys in sulfuric acid solution. J Power Sources 203:145–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mao X et al (2009) Effect of rare earths on corrosion resistance of Cu-30Ni alloys in simulated seawater. J Rare Earths 27(6):1037–1041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Panda B, Das SC, Panda RK (2009) Effect of added cobalt ion on electro-deposition of copper from sulfate bath using graphite and Pb–Sb anodes. Hydrometallurgy 95(1):87–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Xu J et al (2006) Effect of Sn concentration on the corrosion resistance of Pb-Sn alloys in H2SO4 solution. J Power Sources 155(2):420–427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Archdale G, Harrison JA (1972) The electrochemical dissolution of Pb to form PbSO4 by a solution-precipitation mechanism. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 34(1):21–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lai Y et al (2012) Electrochemical behaviors of co-deposited Pb/Pb–MnO2 composite anode in sulfuric acid solution – Tafel and EIS investigations. J Electroanal Chem 671:16–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Rashkov S et al (1996) Investigation of the processes of obtaining plastic treatment and electrochemical behaviour of lead alloys in their capacity as anodes during the electroextraction of zinc II. Electrochemical formation of phase layers on binary Pb-Ag and Pb-Ca, and ternary Pb-Ag-Ca alloys in a sulphuric-acid electrolyte for zinc electroextraction. Hydrometallurgy 40(3):319–334

  33. Alves VA, da Silva LA, Boodts JFC (1998) Surface characterisation of IrO2/TiO2/CeO2 oxide electrodes and Faradaic impedance investigation of the oxygen evolution reaction from alkaline solution. Electrochim Acta 44(8):1525–1534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Chen B et al (2009) Effect of the current density on electrodepositing alpha-lead dioxide coating on aluminum substrate. Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 22(5):373–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Casellato U, Cattarin S, Musiani M (2003) Preparation of porous PbO2 electrodes by electrochemical deposition of composites. Electrochim Acta 48(27):3991–3998

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Liu Y et al (2011) Investigation on electrochemical properties of cerium doped lead dioxide anode and application for elimination of nitrophenol. Electrochim Acta 56(3):1352–1360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Yang HT et al (2013) Electrochemical behaviors of Pb–0.8%Ag rolled alloy anode during and after zinc electrowinning–CV investigations. 2013 Asian Pacific Conf Chem Mater Metall Eng (APCCMME 2013)

  38. Karbasi M, Alamdari EK, Dehkordi EA (2019) Electrochemical performance of PbCo composite anode during Zinc electrowinning. Hydrometallurgy 183:51–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51564029, 22002054, 52064028, and 51874154), The Technology Innovation Talents Project of Yunnan Province (No.2019HB111), and Analysis and Testing Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology (2020M20192202035 and 2020M20192202099).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China

    Yi Tao, Linhui Chang, Buming Chen, Hui Huang, Yapeng He & Zhongcheng Guo

  2. Research Center of Metallurgical Electrode Materials Engineering Technology, Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650106, China

    Yi Tao, Kailiang Luo, Linhui Chang, Buming Chen, Hui Huang, Yapeng He & Zhongcheng Guo

  3. Kunming Hendera Science and Technology Co., Ltd., 650106, Kunming, China

    Kailiang Luo, Buming Chen, Hui Huang, Yapeng He & Zhongcheng Guo

Authors
  1. Yi Tao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kailiang Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Linhui Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Buming Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hui Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yapeng He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Zhongcheng Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Yi Tao: investigation, conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, and writing original draft. Kailiang Luo and Linhui Chang: investigation, conceptualization, and data curation. Buming Chen and Yapeng He: investigation, conceptualization, validation, writing-review & editing, and supervision. Hui Huang and Zhongcheng Guo: resources, funding acquisition, validation, and supervision.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Buming Chen or Yapeng He.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tao, Y., Luo, K., Chang, L. et al. The influence of rare earth La on properties of lead-based alloy anode for zinc electrowinning. J Solid State Electrochem 26, 2555–2564 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-022-05274-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-022-05274-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation