Abstract
The present work narrates the photocatalytic behaviour of TiO2/CdS nanocomposites for the degradation of the organic dyes brilliant green and methylene blue under solar light irradiation. For this process, TiO2 loaded with different concentrations of CdS was prepared through a sol–gel approach and the prepared products were studied for their structural, optical and morphological characteristics. The degradation details of the studied composites reveal that TiO2 loaded with an optimum level of CdS is known to have outstanding catalytic activity due to its higher BET surface area, rod-like morphology and low charge transfer resistance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 23:837–838
Wang L, Liu S, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Qin Y, Zhong Lin W (2016) Piezotronic effect enhanced photocatalysis in strained anisotropic ZnO/TiO2 nanoplatelets via thermal stress. ACS Nano 10:2636–2643
Radhika NP, Rosilda S, Rita K, Ahmad U (2016) Recent advances in nano-photocatalysts for organic synthesis. Arab J of Chem. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.07.007
Oluwafunmilola O, Mercedes Maroto-Valer M (2015) Review of material design and reactor engineering on TiO2 photocatalysis for CO2 reduction. J of Photochem and Photobio C: Photochem Rev 24:16–42
Slamet HW, Ezza P, Soleh K, Jarnuzi G (2005) Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 on copper-doped titania catalysts prepared by improved-impregnation method. Cataly Comm 6:313–319
Naoya M, Daisuke S, Toshiki T, Teruhisa O (2013) Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide over shape-controlled titanium(IV) oxide nanoparticles with co-catalyst loading. Curr Org Chem 17:2449–2453
Osamu I, Chieko I, Yuji S, Takashi I (1993) Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methane and acetic acid by an aqueous suspension of metal-deposited TiO2. J of Photochem and Photobiology A: Chem 72:269–271
Solymosi F, Tombacz I (1994) Photocatalytic reaction of H2O + CO2 over pure and doped Rh/TiO2. Catal Lett 27:61–65
Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y (2001) Visible-light photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science 293:269–271
Qianyi Z, Ying L, Erik A, Marija G (2011) Visible light responsive iodine-doped TiO2 for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to fuels. Appl Catal A: Gen l 400:195–202
Doong RA, Chen CH, Maithreepala RA, Chang SM (2001) The influence of pH and cadmium sulfide on the photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol in titanium dioxide suspensions. Water Res 35:2873–2880
Kang MG, Han HE, Kim KJ (1999) Enhanced photodecomposition of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous solution by deposition of CdS on TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 125:119–125
So WW, Kim KJ, Moon SJ (2004) Photo-production of hydrogen over the CdS-TiO2 nano-composite particulate films treated with TiCl4. Int J Hydro Energy 29:229–234
De GC, Roy AM, Bhattacharya SS (1996) Effect of n-Si on the photocatalytic production of hydrogen by Pt loaded CdS and CdS/ZnS catalyst. Int J Hydro Energy 21:19–23
Natalita M, Xingdong W, Rachel A (2015) High-throughput synthesis and screening of titania-based photocatalysts. ACS Comb Sci 17:548–569
Yao BH, Zheng HL, Yang LQ (2007) The preparation of CdS/TiO2/zeeospheres composite photocatalysts and the study on the degradation of highly effective chlorine. Spectros and Spec Analysis 27:1010–1014
Li L, Wang LL, Hu TY (2014) Preparation of highly photocatalyticactive CdS/TiO2 nanocomposites by combining chemical bath deposition and microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. J of Solid State Chem 218:81–89
Panpan Z, Zhanggao L, Yu X, Jing F, Jiangwei X (2017) Studies on facile synthesis and properties of mesoporous CdS/TiO2 composite for photocatalysis applications. J of Alloys and Compounds 692:170–177
Jian-wen S, Xiaoxia Y, Hao-Jie C, Xu Z, Ming-Lai F, Shaohua C, Lianzhou W (2012) Low-temperature synthesis of CdS/TiO2 composite photocatalysts: influence of synthetic procedure on photocatalytic activity under visible light. J of Molecular Cata A: Chem 356:53–60
Elena R, Gary H (2013) Effective bandgap lowering of CdS deposited by successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction. J Phys Chem C 117:1611–1620
Wen-Tao S, Yuan Y, Hua-Yong P, Xian-Feng G, Qing C, Lian-Mao P (2008) CdS quantum dots sensitized TiO2 nanotube-array photoelectrodes. American Chem Society 130:1124–1125
Ding S, Yin X, Lü X, Wang Y, Huang F (2012) One-step high-temperature solvothermal synthesis of TiO2/sulfide nanocomposite spheres and their solar visible-light applications. ACS Appl Mater & Interfaces 4:306–311
Chao X, Ting W, Guidong Y, Bolun Y, Shujiang D (2014) A facile strategy for the synthesis of hierarchical TiO2/CdS hollow sphere heterostructures with excellent visible light activity. J Mater Chem A 2:7674–7679
Abbas A, Abdollah S (2016) One dimensional CdS nanowire@TiO2 nanoparticles core-shell as high-performance photocatalyst for fast degradation of dye pollutants under visible and sunlight irradiation. J of Coll Inter Sci 479:43–54
Shuli B, Huanying L, Yujiang G, Shengtao J (2011) The enhanced photocatalytic activity of CdS/TiO2 nanocomposites by controlling CdS dispersion on TiO2 nanotubes. Appl Surf Sci 257:6406–6409
Xin L, Ting X, Changhui X, James M, Xiaobo C (2014) Synthesis and photoactivity of nanostructured CdS–TiO2 composite catalysts. Catal Today 225:64–73
Liangpeng W, Yulan Z, Xinjun L, Chaoping C (2014) CdS nanorod arrays with TiO2 nano-coating for improved photostability and photocatalytic activity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:15339–15345
Luo J, Ma L, He T, Ng CF, Wang S (2012) TiO2/(CdS, CdSe, CdSeS) nanorod heterostructures and photoelectrochemical properties. J Phys Chem C 116:11956–11963
Gao P, Liu J, Zhang T (2012) Hierarchical TiO2/CdS “spindle-like” composite with high photodegradation and antibacterial capability under visible light irradiation. J of Hazar Mater 229–230:209–216
Jin-nouchi Y, Naya S (2010) Quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell using a photoanode prepared by in situ photodeposition of CdS on nanocrystalline TiO2 films. J of Phys l Chem C 114:16837–16842
Shao Z, Zhu W, Li Z (2011) One-step fabrication of CdS nanoparticle-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays via electrodeposition. J of Phys Chem C 116:2438–2442
Maurya A, Chauhan P (2011) Structural and optical characterization of CdS/TiO2 nanocomposite. Mater Chara 62:382–390
He D, Chen M, Teng F (2012) Enhanced cyclability of CdS/TiO2 photocatalyst by stable interface structure. Superlatt and Micro 51:799–808
Prasannalakshmi P, Shanmugam N, Kannadasan N, Sathishkumar K (2015) Influence of thermal annealing on the photo catalytic properties of TiO2 nanoparticles under solar irradiation. J of Mater Sci: Mater in Electro 26:7987–7996
Narjes G, Mohammad H (2012) Sono-synthesis of core–shell nanocrystal (CdS/TiO2 ) without surfactant. Ultra Sonochem 19:1070–1078
Siqi L, Nan Z, Zi-Rong T, Yi-Jun X (2012) Synthesis of one-dimensional CdS@TiO2 core–shell nanocomposites photocatalyst for selective redox: the dual role of TiO2 Shell. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:6378–6385
Anuja D, Subhendu K, Subhadra C (2007) Synthesis and optical and electrical properties of CdS/ZnS core/shell nanorods. J Phys Chem C 111:17260–17264
Borchert H, Shevchenk EV, Robert A, Weller H (2005) Determination of nanocrystal sizes: a comparison of TEM, SAXS, and XRD studies of highly monodisperse CoPt3 particles. Langmuir 21:1931–1936
Salari M, Hamed Aboutalebi S, Chidembo AT (2012) Enhancement of the electrochemical capacitance of TiO2 nanotube arrays through controlled phase transformation of anatase to rutile. Phys chem chem Phy 14:4770–4779
Mali SS, Desai SK, Dalavi DS, Betty CA, Bhosale PN, Patil PS (2011) CdS-sensitized TiO2 nanocorals: hydrothermal synthesis, characterization, application. Photochem Photobiol Sci 10:1652–1658
Sonalika V, Amitava P, Ashok Kumar G (2010) CdS@TiO2 and ZnS@TiO2 core–shell nanocomposites: synthesis and optical properties. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem Eng Aspects 363:130–134
Thirumala Rao G, Babu B, Joyce Stella R (2015) Spectral investigation on undoped and Cu2+ doped ZnO-CdS composite nanopowers. Spectrochimica Acta part A:molecular and Biomole Spectro 139:86–93
Kernazhitsky L, Shymanovska V, Gavrilko T (2014) Room temperature photoluminescence of anatase and rutile TiO2 powders. J of Lumin 146:199–204
Huimin J, Hua X, Yan H, Yiwen T, Lizhi Z (2007) TiO2@CdS core–shell nanorods films: fabrication and dramatically enhanced photoelectrochemical properties. Electrochem Comm 9:354–360
Gui-Sheng L, Die-Qing Z, Jimmy C (2009) A new visible-light photocatalyst: CdS quantum dots embedded mesoporous TiO2. Environ Sci Technol 43:7079–7085
Li F, Yu Y, Cui H (2013) Label-free electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for cardiac troponin I using luminol functionalized gold nanoparticles as a sensing platform. Analyst 138:1844–1850
Zhendong W, Yue L, Shenglian L, Chengbin L, Deshui M, Mingyue D, Guisheng Z (2014) Hierarchical heterostructure of CdS nanoparticles sensitized electrospun TiO2 nanofibers with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Sep Purif Technol 122:60–66
Yanmei L, Yi G, Yanhong L, Xingfu Z (2016) Fabrication of Cd-doped TiO2 nanorod arrays and photovoltaic property in Perovskite solar cell. Electrochem Acta 200:29–36
Sachin A, Dipali S, Abhishek C, Gil M, Jae Cheol S, Pramod S, Jin Hyeok K (2016) Chemical synthesis of CdS on to TiO2 nanorods for quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Opt Mater 58:46–50
Le W, Hongwei W, Yingju F (2009) Synthesis, optical properties, and photocatalytic activity of one-dimensional CdS@ZnS core-shell nanocomposites. Nanoscale Res Lett 4:558–564
Hongwei W, Le W, Zhipeng L, Shouqing N, Quanqin Z (2011) Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of one dimensional CdS@TiO2 core-shell hetero-structures. Nano-Micro Lett 3:6–11
Yi X, Ghafar A, SeungHwa Y, SungOh C (2010) Sonication-assisted synthesis of CdS quantum-dot-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays with enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activity. ACS appl Mater & interfaces 2:2910–2914
Zhang C, Yi-Jun X (2013) Ultrathin TiO2 layer coated-CdS spheres core–shell nanocomposite with enhanced visible-light photoactivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5:13353–13363
Sandipan B, Sher Bahadur R, Hark Jin K, Wan In L (2014) Novel coupled structures of FeWO4/TiO2 and FeWO4/TiO2/CdS designed for highly efficient visible-light photocatalysis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:9654–9663
Masashi F, Kazuki N, Musashi F (2009) Photodeposition of CdS quantum dots on TiO2: preparation, characterization, and reaction mechanism. J Phys Chem C 113:16711–16716
Wenhao D, Feng P, Leilei X, Minrui Z (2015) Facile synthesis of CdS@TiO2 core-shell nanorods with controllable shell thickness and enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. Appl Surf Sci 349:278–286
Mohammad Reza G, Cao-Thang D, François B (2015) Nanocomposite heterojunctions as sunlight-driven photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water splitting. Nanoscale:78187–78208
Kuo CY (2009) Prevenient dye-degradation mechanisms using UV/TiO2/carbon nanotubes process. J of Hazar Mater 163:239–244
Lin CJ, Yu YH (2009) Free-standing TiO2 nanotube array films sensitized with CdS as highly active solar light-driven photocatalysts. Appl Catal B: Envir 93:119–125
Chen C, MaW ZJ (2010) Semiconductor-mediated photodegradation of pollutants under visible-light irradiation. Chem Soc Rev 39:4206–4219
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Dr. V. Ramaswamy, Professor and Head, Department of Physics, Annamalai University, for providing necessary facilities to carry out this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prasannalakshmi, P., Shanmugam, N. Photocatalytic decolourization of brilliant green and methylene blue by TiO2/CdS nanorods. J Solid State Electrochem 21, 1751–1766 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-017-3522-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-017-3522-6