Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

AlCl3/amide ionic liquids for electrodeposition of aluminum

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

AlCl3/amide (acetamide, propionamide, butyramide) ionic liquids were used as the electrolytes to study the electrodeposition behavior of aluminum on a tungsten electrode. Cyclic voltammograms on the tungsten electrode indicate that Al(III) ions can be reduced to aluminum only within the molar ratio range of 1.1 to 1.5 and the reduction potentials of Al(III) ions strongly depend on the molar ratio of AlCl3/amide. Raman spectra results reveal that the electroactive specie of AlCl3/amide ionic liquids is Al2Cl7 −. Aluminum coatings were prepared at −0.25 V (vs. Al/Al3+) and at 313 K in AlCl3/amide ionic liquids with the molar ratio of 1.3. The SEM and cross-sectional SEM images show that all the obtained aluminum films are silver-colored, thick, and adherent. The EDS and XRD analysis confirm that the obtained deposits are pure aluminum. The present results can provide a new route for aluminum electrodeposition under ambient conditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tang JW, Azumi K (2011) Optimization of pulsed electrodeposition of aluminum from AlCl3-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 56:1130–1137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abedin SZE, Moustafa EM, Hempelmann R, Natter H, Endres F (2005) Additive free electrodeposition of nanocrystalline aluminum in a water and air stable ionic liquid. Electrochem Commun 7:1111–1116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Jiang T, Chollier Brym MJ, Dube G, Lasia A, Brisard GM (2006) Electrodeposition of aluminum from ionic liquids: part I—electrodeposition and surface morphology of aluminum from aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIm]Cl) ionic liquids. Surf Coat Technol 201:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Liu QX, Abedin SZE, Endres F (2006) Electroplating of mild steel by aluminum in a first generation ionic liquid: a green alternative to commercial Al-plating in organic solvents. Surf Coat Technol 201:1352–1356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Abedin SZE, Giridhar P, Schwab P, Endres F (2010) Electrodeposition of nanocrystalline aluminum from a chloroaluminate ionic liquid. Electrochem Commun 12:1084–1086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Li B, Fan CH, Chen Y, Lou JW, Yan LG (2011) Pulse current electrodeposition of Al from an AlCl3-EMIC ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 56:5478–5482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gasparotto LHS, Prowald A, Borisenko N, Abedin SZE, Garsuch A, Endres F (2011) Electrochemical synthesis of macroporous aluminum films and their behavior towards lithium deposition/stripping. J Power Sources 196:2879–2883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bakkar A, Neubert V (2013) Electrodeposition and corrosion characterisation of micro- and nano-crystalline aluminum from AlCl3/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 103:211–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bakkar A, Neubert V (2015) A new method for practical electrodeposition of aluminum from ionic liquids. Electrochem Commun 51:113–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tsuda T, Hussey CL, Stafford GR, Bonevich JE (2003) Electrochemistry of titanium and the electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys in the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride melt. J Electrochem Soc 150:C234–C243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tsuda T, Hussey CL, Stafford GR (2004) Electrodeposition of Al-Mo alloys from the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt. J Electrochem Soc 151:C379–C384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Tsuda T, Hussey CL, Stafford GR, Kongstein O (2004) Electrodeposition of Al-Zr alloys from Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride melt. J Electrochem Soc 151:C447–C454

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Tsuda T, Arimoto S, Kuwabata S, Hussey CL (2008) Electrodeposition of Al-Mo-Ti ternary alloys in the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride room-temperature ionic liquid. J Electrochem Soc 155:D256–D262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Tsuda T, Hussey CL (2008) Electrodeposition of photocatalytic AlInSb semiconductor alloys in the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride room-temperature ionic liquid. Thin Solid Films 516:6220–6225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fang YX, Jiang XG, Sun X-G, Dai S (2015) New ionic liquids based on the complexation of dipropyl sulfide and AlCl3 for electrodeposition of aluminum. Chem Commun 51:13286–13289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Fang YX, Yoshii K, Jiang XG, Sun X-G, Tsuda T, Mehio N, Dai S (2015) An AlCl3 based ionic liquid with a neutral substituted pyridine ligand for electrochemical deposition of aluminum. Electrochim Acta 160:82–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Abood HMA, Abbott AP, Ballantyne AD, Ryder KS (2011) Do all ionic liquids need organic cations? Characterisation of [AlCl2 nAmide]+ AlCl4 − and comparison with imidazolium based systems. Chem Commun 47:3523–3525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Abbott AP, Harris RC, Hsieh Y-T, Ryder KS, Sun I-W (2014) Aluminum electrodeposition under ambient conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 16:14675–14681

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Coleman F, Srinivasan G, Kwasny MS (2013) Liquid coordination complexes formed by the heterolytic cleavage of metal halides. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:12582–12586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Abedin SZE, Moustafa EM, Hempelmann R, Natter H, Endres F (2006) Electrodeposition of nano- and microcrystalline aluminum in three different air and water stable ionic liquids. ChemPhysChem 7:1535–1543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Giridhar P, Abedin SZE, Endres F (2012) Electrodeposition of nanocrystalline aluminum, copper, and copper-aluminum alloys from 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium trifluoromethylsulfonate ionic liquid. J Solid State Electrochem 16:3487–3497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nguyen HP, Peng XX, Murugan G, Vullers RJM, Vereecken PM, Fransaer J (2013) Electrodeposition of antimony, tellurium and their alloys from molten acetamide mixtures. J Electrochem Soc 160:D75–D79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Li M, Gao BL, Liu CY, Chen WT, Shi ZN, Hu XW, Wang ZW (2015) Electrodeposition of aluminum from AlCl3/acetamide eutectic solvent. Electrochim Acta 180:811–814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Li M, Gao BL, Chen WT, Liu CY, Wang ZW, Shi ZN, Hu XW (2015) Electrodeposition behavior of aluminum from urea-acetamide-lithium halide low-temperature molten salts. Electrochim Acta 185:148–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gerding H, Houtgraaf H (1953) The Raman spectra of the compounds NaCl. AlCl3 and NOCl. AlCl3. Recueil 72:21–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Torsi G, Mamantov G, Begun GM (1970) Raman spectra of the AlCl3-NaCl system. Inorg Nucl Chem Letters 6:553–560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fehrmann R, Barner JHV, Bjerrum NJ, Nielsen OF (1981) Chloro complexes in molten salts. 8. Potentiometric and Raman spectroscopic study of the systems NaCl-AlCl3, NaCl-AlCl3-Na2O, NaCl-AlCl3-SeCl4, and NaCl-AlCl3-SeCl4-Na2O at 175 °C. Inorg Chem 20:1712–1718

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Takahashi S, Curtiss LA, Gosztola D, Koura N, Saboungi M-L (1995) Molecular orbital calculations and Raman measurements for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloroaluminates. Inorg Chem 34:2990–2993

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude for the financial support provided by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2012BAE08B01) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51574070, 51474060, 51322406, 51434005).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

    Min Li, Bingliang Gao, Chengyuan Liu, Wenting Chen, Zhaowen Wang, Zhongning Shi & Xianwei Hu

Authors
  1. Min Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bingliang Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chengyuan Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wenting Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zhaowen Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zhongning Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xianwei Hu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Min Li or Bingliang Gao.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, M., Gao, B., Liu, C. et al. AlCl3/amide ionic liquids for electrodeposition of aluminum. J Solid State Electrochem 21, 469–476 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-016-3384-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-016-3384-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation