Abstract
This paper considers the problem of the \( {\hbox{pO}} = - \log {a_{{{\rm{O}}^{{2 - }}}}} \) scale development and standardization in comparison to the pH standard scale. The approaches describing acid–base equilibrium in oxide melts are analyzed with respect to their applicability to determine the basicity of oxide melts. Procedures for pO measurement and standardization in glass-forming melts are suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Nikolsly BP, Smirnova NA, Panov MYu, Lutugina NV, Palchavski AA, Pendin AA, Belinskaya FA, Pervukhin OK, Charykov AK (1987) Physical chemistry. Khimia, Leningrad
Franz H, Scholze H (1963) Glastech Ber 36:347
Scholze H, Franz H, Merker L (1959) Glastech Ber 32:421
Kurkjian CR, Russel LE (1958) J Soc Glass Technol 42:130
Pearce ML (1964) J Am Ceram Soc 47:342
Turkdogan ET, Darken LS (1961) Trans AIME 221:474
Finchan CJB, Richardson FD (1954) Proc Roy Soc 223:40
Lesko J, Trzil J (1986) Silicaty 30:257
Paul А (1982) Chemistry of glasses. Chapman and Hall, London, New York
Paul А, Douglas RW (1965) Phys Chem Glasses 6:206
Weyl WA (1951) Colored glasses. Society of Glass Technology, Sheffield, UK
Duffy JA (1989) Phys Chem Glas 30:1
Duffy JA (1976) J Non-Cryst Sol 21:373
Duffy JA, Harris B (1988) Phys Chem Glasses 39:275
Duffy JA (1990) Bonding, energy levels and bands in inorganic solids, Chapters 6 and 8. Longman Scientific & Technical, Wiley, Essex, England, New York
Duffy JA, Ingram MD (1976) J Non-Cryst Solids 21:373
Finemann MJ (1958) Phys Chem 62:947
Gordy W (1946) Phys Rev 69:604
Allred A, Rochow E (1958) J Inorg Nucl Chem 5:249
Flood H, Forland T, Roald B (1947) Acta Chem Scand 1:592
Shwartzman LA, Tomilin IA (1957) Rus Uspekhi Khimii 26:544
Shultz MM, Vedischeva NM, Shakhmatkin BA (1987) In: Silicate physics and chemistry. Nauka, Leningrad, Russia, pp 5–28
Vedischeva NM, Shakhmatkin BA, Pivovarov MM (1989) In: Proc XV ICG vol 1b. Leningrad, Russia, pp 187–191
Kireeva VA (1964) Rus J Phys Chem 38:1881
Rey M (1948) Disc Faraday Soc 4:257
Vitting LM, Isaev AF (1984) Rus Itogi nauki I tekhniki: Khimicheskaya termodinamika i ravnovesie 6:107
Batzanov SS (1968) Rus Uspekhi Khimii 37:778
Baucke FGK (1992) High-temperature sensors for oxidic glass-forming melts. In: Gopel W, Jones TA, Kleitz M (eds) Sensors, vol 3, VCH, 1992, pp 1155–1180
Baucke FGK, Werner R, Muller-Simon H, Mergler KW (1988) Glastech Ber 61:293
Baucke FGK (1996) J Anal Chem 356:209
Lewis GN (1923) Valence and structure of atoms and molecules. The Chemical Catalogue Company, New York
Usanovich MI (1970) The study of solution theory and the theory of acids and bases. Nauka, Alma-Ata, Russia
Lux H (1939) Z Electrochem 45:303
Konakov VG (2000) Acid-base theory applied to oxide melts. Scientific base for pO measurements. Dr. Sci. Theses, Institute for Silicate Chemistry, St. Petersburg, Russia
Toop DW, Samis CS (1962) Transactions AIME 224:878
Masson CR (1974) Chem Technol 4:56
Shultz MM (1984) Rus Fizika I Khimia Stekla 10(2):129
Dron R (1982) J Non-Cryst Solids 53:267
Paul A, Douglas RW (1965) Phys Chem Glas 6:206
Smith GS, Rindon GA (1965) Application of the oxygen electrode in galvanic cell with glasses of different compositions. In: Acid-base relationship in glass. NY, USA, pp 10–14
Ditchenko R, Rochov E (1954) J Am Ceram Soc 76:3291
Mittal S, Elliott JF (1987) J Electrochem Soc 134:244
Itoh H, Sasahira A, Maekawa T, Yokokava T (1984) Farad Trans 80:437
Kohsaka S, Sato S, Yokokava T (1978) J Chem Thermod 10:117
Shakhmatkin BA, Vedishcheva NM (1994) J Non-Cryst Sol 171:1
Seidl A, Muller G (1997) J Electrochem Soc 144:3243
Takasu S, Zulehner W (1984) Semiconductor Silicon 194:55
Muller-Simon H, Mergler KW (1988) Glastechn Ber 61:293
Lenhart A, Schaeffer HA (1986) The determination of oxidation state and redox behavior of glass melts using electrochemical sensors. In: Proc XIV ICG, vol 1. New Delhi, India, ph. 147–154
Tunin YuM, Goldenberg GA, Naumov VI, Borisenko AA (1987) Rasplavy (Rus) 1:95
Goldenberg GA, Borisenko AA, Zhuravlev GI (1978) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 4:590
Goldenberg GA, Naumov VI, Voronkova ZP, Borisenko AA (1979) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 6:482
Pisarevskii AM, Andreenko AV (1986) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 12:129
Pisarevskii AM, Andreenko AV (1986) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 12:257
Campbell JH (1989) Elimination of platinum inclusions in phosphate laser glasses. Lawrence Livermor National Laboratory, UCRL 53932, Distribution Category UC-712, Livermore, California, USA
Muller-Simon H, Mergler KW, Shaeffer HA (1989) Oxygen activity measurements in glass tanks using electrochemical sensors. In: Proc XV ICG vol 1a. Leningrad, Russia, pp 150–155
Baucke FGK, Mucke K (1986) J Non-Cryst Sol 84:174
Mizusaki J, Amano K, Yamauchi S, Fueki K (1987) Solid State Ion 22:313
Mizusaki J, Amano K, Yamauchi S, Fueki K (1987) Solid State Ion 22:323
Ezikov VI, Buzin YI, Chuchmarev SN (1983) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 9:615
Konakov VG, Pivovarov MM (2003) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 29:69
Konakov VG, Pivovarov MM, Shakhmatkin BA (1994) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 20:267
Shultz MM, Shakhmatkin BA, Konakov VG (1994) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 20:443
Konakov VG, Pivovarov MM (1994) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 20:727
Konakov VG, Pivovarov MM (1995) Acid-base conception: interection between glassformimg oxides. In: Proc XVII Inter Congress on Glass, vol 2. China, Beijing, pp 153–158
Konakov VG, Shultz MM (1995) Investigation of the basicity (pO Indexis) of B2O3-SiO2, B2O3-GeO2, GeO2-SiO2 systems. In: Proc XVII Inter Congress on Glass, vol 2. China, Beijing, pp 465–470
Shultz MM, Konakov VG (1989) On the experimental method for oxygen ion activity determination in oxide melts. In: Proc XV ICG vol 4. Leningrad, Russia, pp 29–32
Konakov VG (1990) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 16:753
Konakov VG, Shultz MM (1994) Glastech Ber/Glass SciTechnol 67C:544
Konakov VG, Shultz MM (1994) Glastech Ber 68C2:256
Konakov VG, Shultz MM (1996) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 22:716
Bessedina SA, Konakov VG, Shultz MM (1997) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 23:334
Konakov VG, Bessedina SA, Shultz MM (1998) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 24:472
Konakov VG, Bessedina SA, Shultz MM (1999) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 25:556
Bessedina SA, Konakov VG, Shultz MM (2002) Rev Adv Mater Sci 3:37
Konakov VG, Bessedina SA, Shultz MM (1998) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 24:105
Konakov VG, Pivovarov MM (1998) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 24:465
Konakov VG (1999) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 25:70
Konakov VG, Kozhina EL, Shultz MM (2001) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 27:179
Konakov VG (2002) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 28:196
Konakov VG (2002) Rus Fizika i Khimia Stekla 28:520
Konakov VG, Shultz MM (1996) Investigation of relative basicity (pO-indexes) of the system Li2O-K2O-SiO2. In: Proc Int Simp on Glass Problems, vol 2. Stambul, Turkey, 184
Konakov VG, Shultz MM (1998) Study of relative basicity (po indexes) of the systems Li2O-SiO2, K2O-SiO2 and Li2O-K2O-SiO2. In: Proc XVII Int Cong on Glass (on CD). San Francisco, USA, P.AB88
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Konakov, V.G. From the pH scale to the pO scale. The problem of the determination of the oxygen ion O2− activity in oxide melts. J Solid State Electrochem 15, 77–86 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-010-1092-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-010-1092-y