Abstract
The preparation of indigo from Indigofera suffruticosa following the procedures attributed to ancient Mayas was electrochemically monitored using the voltammetry-of-microparticles approach. The mechanism formation of indigotin and indirubin from its precursors, indican and isatan, is discussed. Comparison of voltammetric profiles for differently prepared and commercial indigos and genuine Maya Blue samples suggests that the preparation procedure of indigo changed during the Late Classical Maya period.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Sch1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Sch2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Sch3_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Sch4_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Fig4_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Fig5_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Fig6_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Fig7_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Fig8_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Fig9_HTML.gif)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10008-007-0296-2/MediaObjects/10008_2007_296_Sch5_HTML.gif)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Romero P, Sánchez, C (2005) New J Chem 29:57
José-Yacamán M, Rendón L, Arenas J, Serra Puche MC (1996) Science 273:223
Polette LA, Meitzner G, José-Yacamán M, Chianelli RR (2002) Microchem J 71:167
Chiari G, Giustetto R, Riccihiardi G (2003) Eur J Mineral 15:21
Fois E, Gamba A, Tilocca A (2003) Microporous Mesoporous Mater 57:263
Hubbard B, Kuang W, Moser A, Facey GA, Detellier C (2003) Clay Miner 51:318
Witke K, Brzezinka K-W, Lamprecht I (2003) J Mol Struct 661–662:235
del Río MS, Martinetto P, Somogyi A, Reyes-Valerio C, Dooryhée E, Peltier N, Alianelli L, Moignard B, Pichon L, Calligaro T, Dran J-C (2004) Spectrochim Acta Part B 59:1619
Reinen D, Köhl P, Müller C (2004) Z Anorg Allg Chem 630:97
Chianelli RR, Perez de la Rosa M, Meitzner G, Siadati M, Berhault G, Mehta A, Pople J, Fuentes S, Alonzo-Nuñez G, Polette LA (2005) J Synchroton Radiat 12:129
del Rio MS, Sodo A, Eeckhout SG, Neisius T, Martinetto P, Dooryhee E, Reyes-Valerio C (2005) Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 238:50
Giustetto R, Llabres i Xamena FX, Ricchiardi G, Bordiga S, Damin A, Gobetto R, Chierotti MR (2005) J Phys Chem B 109:19360
Kleber R, Masschelein-Kleiner L, Tissen J (1967) Stud Conserv 12:41
Vandenabeele P, Bode S, Alonso A, Moens L (2005) Spectrochim Acta Part A 61A:2349
Eller-Pandraud HV (1959) Comptes Rendus 248:2581
Kokubun T, Edmonds J, John P (1998) Phytochemistry 48:1
Margaud T, Enaud E, Choisy P, Legoy MD (2001) Phytochemistry 58:897
Gilbert KG, Hill DJ, Crespo C, Mas A, Lewis MJ, Rudolph B, Cooke DT (2000) Phytochem Anal 11:18
Oberthuer C, Schneider B, Graf H, Hamburger M (2004) Chem Biodiversity 1:174
Gilbert KG, Maule HG, Rudolph B, Lewis M, Vandenburg H, Sales E, Tozzi S, Cooke DT (2004) Biotechnol Prog 20:1289
Oberthür C, Graf H, Hambuerger M (2004) Phytochemistry 65:3261
Doménech A, Doménech MT, Vázquez ML (2006) J Phys Chem B 110:6027
Klessinger M, Luettke W (1963) Tetrahedron 19(suppl 2):315
Magaloni Kerpel D (1996) Materiales y técnicas de la pintura Maya. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Tagle A, Paschinger H, Richard H, Infante G (1990) Stud Conserv 35:156
Reyes-Valerio C (1993) De Bonampak al Templo Mayor: el azul Maya en Mesoamérica, Siglo XXI, Madrid
Torres LM (1998) Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 123
Orska-Gawrys J, Surowiec I, Kehl J, Rejniak H, Urbaniak-Walczak K, Trojanowicz M (2003) J Chromatogr A 989:239
Szostek B, Orska-Gawrys J, Surowiec I, Trojanowicz M (2003) J Chromatogr A 1012:179
Puchalska M, Polec-Pawlak K, Zadrozna I, Hryszko H, Jarosz M (2004) J Mass Spectrom 39:1441
Andreotti A, Bonaduce I, Colombini MP, Ribechini E (2004) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18:1213
Vandeabeele P (2003) Analyst 128:187
Betchold T, Turcanu A, Geissler S, Ganglberger E (2002) Bioresour Technol 81:171
Berry A, Dodge TC, Pepsin M, Weyler W (2002) J Ind Microbiol Biotech 28:127
Ferreira ESB, Hulme AN, McNab H, Quye A (2004) Chem Soc Rev 33:329
Scholz F, Nitschke L, Henrion G (1989) Naturwissenschaften 76:71
Scholz F, Nitschke L, Henrion G, Damaschun F (1989) Naturwiss 76:167
Scholz F, Meyer B (1998) In: Bard AJ, Rubinstein I (eds) Electroanalytical chemistry, a series of advances, vol 20. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 1
Grygar T, Marken F, Schröder U, Scholz F (2002) Collect Czechoslov Chem Commun 67:63
Scholz F, Nitschke L, Henrion G, Fresenius Z (1989) Anal Chem 334:56
Jaworski A, Stojek Z, Scholz F (1993) J Electroanal Chem 354:1
Komorsky-Lovric S, Mircevski V, Scholz F (1999) Mikrochim Acta 132:67
Doménech A, Doménech MT, Saurí MC, Gimeno JV, Bosch F (2003) Anal Bioanal Chem 375:1161
Grygar T, Kucková S, Hradil D, Hradilová D (2003) J Solid State Electrochem 7:706
Doménech A, Doménech MT, Saurí MC (2005) Talanta 66:769
Bond AM, Marken F, Hill E, Compton RG, Hügel H (1997) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2:1735
Lovric M (2002) In: Scholz F (ed) Electroanalytical methods. Springer, Berlin, p 111
Lovric M, Scholz F (1997) J Solid State Electrochem 1:108
Lovric M, Scholz F (1999) J Solid State Electrochem 3:172
Oldham KB (1998) J Solid State Electrochem 2:367
Schröder U, Oldham KB, Myland JC, Mahon PJ, Scholz F (2000) J Solid State Electrochem 4:314
Doménech A, Doménech MT (2006) J Solid State Electrochem 10:459
Khattab MA, Ghoneim MM (1983) J Indian Chem Soc 60:643
Fernández C, Costa A (1998) Electroanalysis 10:249
Scholz F, Hermes M (1999) Electrochem Commun 1:345
Doménech A, Sánchez S, Doménech MT, Gimeno JV, Bosch F, Yusá DJ, Saurí MC (2002) Electroanalysis 14:685
Barisci JN, Wallace GG, Baughman RH (2000) Electrochim Acta 46:509
Barisci JN, Wallace GG, Baughman RH (2000) J Electroanal Chem 488:92
Acknowledgements
Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the Generalitat Valenciana I+D+I project AE06/131.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary materials
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Doménech, A., Doménech-Carbó, M.T. & de Agredos Pascual, M.L.V. Electrochemical monitoring of indigo preparation using Maya’s ancient procedures. J Solid State Electrochem 11, 1335–1346 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-007-0296-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-007-0296-2