Abstract
In a first principle computational study, using density functional theory, we have identified four types of 2D carbon sheets, similar to graphene, made entirely of non-regular hexagons. In one case, we get a structure where the non-regular hexagons have four sides of length d1 = 1.416 Å and two sides of length d2 = 1.68 Å. Next case, in the non-regular hexagons the side d1 (two times) and d2 (four times) are exchanged. In two other cases, the non-regular hexagons have three pairs (opposite sides) of different lengths (d1 = 1.529 Å, d2 = 1.567 Å, and d3 = 1.612 Å; d1 = 1.387 Å, d2 = 1.348 Å, and d3 = 1.387 Å). By propper choice of the non-regular hexagon sides, one could arrive at a 2D carbon system like graphene, but with a tunable band gap. The structure is more stable when the system has more number of regular C–C bonds than the longer C–C bonds. Due to its non-regular hexagons, special atomic configuration, this system may have, like graphene, unusual properties. It is semiconducting, and there is no need to functionalize it for opening the band gap as is the case with graphene.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ten years in two dimensions, Nature Nanotechnology 9, 725, 2014
Ren W, Cheng H-M (2014) The global growth of graphene. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9:726–730
Kozlov SM, Vines F, Gorling A (2011) Bandgap engineering of graphene by physisorbed adsorbates. Adv. Mater. 23:2638–2643
Craciun MF, Russo S, Yamamoto M, Tarucha S (2011) Tuneable electronic properties in graphene. Nano Today 6:42–60
Surya VJ, Iyakutti K, Mizuseki H, Kawazoe Y (2012) Tuning electronic structure of graphene: a first-principles study. IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 11:534–541
Iyakutti K, Kumar EM, Lakshmi I, Thapa R, Rajeswarapalanichamy R, Surya VJ, Kawazoe Y (2016) Effect of surface doping on the band structure of graphene: a DFT study. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 27:2728–2740
Iyakutti K, Kumar EM, Thapa R, Rajeswarapalanichamy R, Surya VJ, Kawazoe Y (2016) Effect of multiple defects and substituted impurities on the band structure of graphene -A DFT study. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 27:12669–12679
Lu H, Li S-D (2013) Two-dimensional carbon allotropes from graphene to graphyne. J. Mater. Chem. C 1:3677
Nevalaita J, Koskinen P (2018) Atlas for the properties of elemental two-dimensional metals. Phys. Rev. B97:035411
Xu L-C, Wang R-Z, Miao M-S, Wei X-L, Chen Y-P, Yan H, Lau W-M, Liu L-M, Ma Y-M (2014) Two dimensional Dirac carbon allotropes from graphene. Nanoscale 6:1113
Shunhong Zhang, Jian Zhou, Qian Wang, Xiaoshuang Chen, Yoshiyuki Kawazoe, and Puru Jena, Penta-graphene: A new carbon allotrope Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Feb 24; 112(8): 2372–2377
Tetrahexcarbon: A two-dimensional allotrope of carbon Babu Ram, Hiroshi Mizuseki, Carbon 137, (2018) 266–273
Kresse G, Furthmüller J (1996) Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 54(16):11169–11186
Blöchl PE (1994) Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 50(24):17953–17979
Perdew JP, Burke K, Ernzerhof M (1996) Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(18):3865–3868
Perdew JP, Wang Y (1992) Accurate and simple analytic representation of the electron-gas correlation energy. Phys. Rev. B 45:13244
Monkhorst HJ, Pack JD (1976) Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations. Phys. Rev. B 13(12):5188–5192
Bullard Z, Girão EC, Daniels C, Sumpter BG, Meunier V (2014) Quantifying energetics of topological frustration in carbon nanostructures. Phys. Rev. B 89:245425
Jiang J-W, Leng J, Li J, Guo Z, Chang T, Guo X, Zhang T (2017) Twin graphene: a novel two-dimensional semiconducting carbon allotrope. Carbon 118:370–370
Tobias Stauber, Handbook of Graphene, volume 2: physics, chemistry, and Biology John Wiley & Sons, (2019)
Yuri Shunin, Stefano Bellucci, Alytis Gruodis, Tamara Lobanova-Shunina Nonregular Nanosystems: Theory and Applications Springer-2018
T. Zhu, E Ertekin, Resolving anomalous strain effects on two-dimensional phonon flows: the cases of graphene, boron nitride, and planar superlattices Physical review B 90 (19) 91 205429 (2015)
McKenzie DR, Muller D, Pailthorpe BA (1991) Compressive-stress-induced formation of thin-film tetrahedral amorphous carbon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67:773
Acknowledgments
Authors KI, VJS, and YK express their sincere thanks to the crew of CCMS of the Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University for their continuous support and help in using the CRAY supercomputing facilities. Authors KI and VJS also thank SRMHPC center for providing computational facility.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Iyakutti, K., Surya, V.J., Lakshmi, I. et al. Non-regular hexagonal 2D carbon, an allotrope of graphene: a first-principles computational study. J Mol Model 26, 150 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-020-04412-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-020-04412-6