Abstract
Recently, the experimental and computational chemists have been attracted widely to the click synthesis of 1,2,3 triazoles and their derivatives, mainly due to the fact that they are interesting from structural and mechanistic points of view. Moreover, catalyzed click have been well established as a successful strategy showing high regioselectivity and high yield for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles. In this review, we try to highlight the recently reported computational assessments on the origins and predection of regioselectivity in the catalyzed click synthesis of triazoles from the mechanistic and thermodynamical points of view. In this light, density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the free energy profiles of azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions have been underscored. The stereoelectronic features for the role of copper, ruthenium, and iridium as catalyst on regioselectivity of click reactions have also be discussed.

Computational origins for the regioselective behavior of 1,2,3 triazoles click synthesis
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.




















































References
- 1.
Kathryn NK, Meghan ET, Drew LM (2008) J Chem Educ 85:102–109
- 2.
Huisgen R (1963) Angew Chem Int Ed 75:604–637
- 3.
Huisgen R, Heimgartner H (1984) Wiley, New York, vol. 1, pp 177–290
- 4.
Pagliai F, Pirali T, Grosso ED, Brisco RD, Tron GC, Sorba G, Genazzani AA (2005) J Med Chem 48:5644–5647
- 5.
Pagliai F, Pirali T, Grosso ED, Brisco RD, Tron GC, Sorba G, Genazzani AA (2006) J Med Chem 49:467–470
- 6.
Lee T, Cho M, Ko SY, Youn HJ, Baek DJ, Cho WJ, Kang CY, Kim S (2007) J Med Chem 50:585–589
- 7.
Smith G, Glaser M, Perumal M, Nguyen QD, Shan B, Arstad E, Aboagye EO (2008) J Med Chem 51:8057–8067
- 8.
Yim CB, Dijkgraaf I, Merkx R, Versluis C, Eek A, Mulder GE, Rijkers DTS, Boerman OC, Liskamp RMJ (2010) J Med Chem 53:3944–3953
- 9.
Sumangala V, Poojary B, Chidananda N, Fernandes J, Kumari NS (2010) Arch Pharm Res 33:1911–1918
- 10.
Sangshetti JN, Shinde DB (2010) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 20:742–745
- 11.
Sangshetti JN, Nagawade RR, Shinde DB (2009) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 19:3564–3567
- 12.
Kategaonkar AH, Shinde PV, Pasale SK, Shingate BB, Shingare MS (2010) Eur J Med Chem 45:3142–3146
- 13.
Ferreira SB, Costa MS, Boechat N, Bezerra RJS, Genestra MS, Canto-Cavalheiro MM, Kover WB, Ferreira VF (2007) Eur J Med Chem 42:1388–1395
- 14.
Olomola TO, Klein R, Lobb KA, Sayed Y, Kaye PT (2010) Tetrahedron Lett 51:6325–6328
- 15.
Silva FD, Souza MCBV, Frugulhetti IIP, Castro HC, Souza SLD, Souza TML, Rodrigues DQ, Souza AMT, Abreu PA, Passamani F, Rodrigues CR, Ferreira VF (2009) Eur J Med Chem 44:373–383
- 16.
Huisgen R (1963) Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2:565–598
- 17.
Moses JE, Moorhouse AD (2007) Chem Soc Rev 36:1249–1262
- 18.
Santoyo GF, Hernandez MF (2007) Top Heterocycl Chem 7:133–177
- 19.
Tron CG, Pirali T, Billington RA, Canonico PL, Sorba G, Genazzani AA (2008) Med Res Rev 28:278–308
- 20.
Pedersen DS, Abell A (2011) Eur J Org Chem 2399–2411
- 21.
Svobodova H, Noponen V, Kolehmainen E, Sievanen E (2012) RSC Adv 2:4985–5007
- 22.
Méndez F, Tamariz J, Geerlings PJ (1998) Phys Chem 102:6292–6296
- 23.
Becer CR, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US (2009) Angew Chem Int Ed 48:4900–4908
- 24.
Jewett JC, Bertozzi CR (2010) Chem Soc Rev 39:1272–1279
- 25.
Dervaux B, Du Prez FE (2012) Chem Sci 3:959–966
- 26.
Kayet A, Pathak T (2013) J Org Chem 78:9865–09875
- 27.
Dey S, Pathak T (2014) RSC Adv 4:9275–9278
- 28.
Kolb HC, Finn MG, Sharpless KB (2001) Angew Chem 113:2056–2075
- 29.
Kolb HC, Finn MG, Sharpless KB (2001) Angew Chem Int Ed 40:2004–2021
- 30.
Heravi MM, Khaghaninejad S, Mostofi M (2014) Adv Heterocycl Chem 112:1–50
- 31.
Heravi MM, Khaghaninejad S, Nazari N (2014) Adv Heterocycl Chem 112:183–234
- 32.
Khaghaninejad S, Heravi MM (2014) Adv Heterocycl Chem 111:95–146
- 33.
Heravi MM, Sadjadi S, Oskoole HA, Shoar RH, Bamoharram FF (2008) Catal Commun 9:470–474
- 34.
Heravi MM, Khorasani M, Derikvand F, Oskoole HA, Bamoharrarn FF (2007) Catal Commun 8:1886–1890
- 35.
Heravi MM, Alishiri T (2014) Adv Heterocycl Chem 113:1–66
- 36.
Heravi MM, Talaei B (2014) Adv Heterocycl Chem 113:143–244
- 37.
Heravi MM, Fazeli A, Oskooie HA, Beheshtiha YS, Valizadeh H (2012) Synlett 20:2927–2930
- 38.
Heravi MM, Oskooie HA, Karimi N (2011) Chin Chem Lett 22:1059–1062
- 39.
Fazeli A, Oskooie HA, Beheshtiha YS, Heravi MM, Valizadeh H (2013) Lett Org Chem 10:738–743
- 40.
Fazeli A, Oskooie HA, Beheshtiha YS, Heravi MM (2013) Chem Sci 68:391–396
- 41.
Hashemi E, Beheshtiha YS, Heravi MM, Ahmadi S (2014) Transit Met Chem 39:593–601
- 42.
Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V (2014) Tetrahedron Asymmetry 25:1061–1090
- 43.
Heravi MM, Hamidi H, Zadsirjan V (2014) Curr Org Synth 11:647–675
- 44.
Heravi MM, Hajiabbasi P (2014) Mol Divers 18:411–439
- 45.
Heravi MM, Hashemi E, Nazari N (2014) Mol Divers 18:441–472
- 46.
Heravi MM, Hashemi E, Azimian F (2014) Tetrahedron 70:7–21
- 47.
Heravi MM, Hajiabbasi P (2012) Monatsh Chem 143:1575–1592
- 48.
Heravi MM, Asadi S (2012) Tetrahedron Asymmetry 23:1431–1465
- 49.
Heravi MM, Hashemi E (2012) Tetrahedron 68:9145–9178
- 50.
Heravi MM, Hashemi E (2012) Monatsh Chem 43:861–880
- 51.
Heravi MM, Fazeli A (2010) Heterocyclics 81:1979–2026
- 52.
Heravi MM, Hashemi E, Beheshtiha YS, Ahmadi S, Hosseinnejad T (2014) J Mol Catal A 394:74–82
- 53.
Mirsafaei R, Heravi MM, Ahmadi SH, Moslemin MH, Hosseinnejad T (2015) J Mol Catal A 402:100–108
- 54.
Hosseinnejad T, Heravi MM, Firouzi R (2013) J Mol Model 19:951–961
- 55.
Bock VD, Hiemstra H, van Maarseveen JH (2006) Eur J Org Chem 51–68
- 56.
Geittner J, Huisgen R, Reissig HU (1978) Heterocycles 11:109–120
- 57.
Huisgen R, Reissig HU, Huber H, Voss S (1979) Tetrahedron Lett 20:2987–2990
- 58.
Bihlmaier W, Geittner J, Huisgen R, Reissig HU (1978) Heterocycles 10:147–152
- 59.
Huisgen R, Scheer W, Huber H (1967) J Am Chem Soc 89:1753–1755
- 60.
Dahmen A, Hamberger H, Huisgen R, Markowski V (1971) J Chem Soc 1192–1194
- 61.
Diels O, Alder K (1928) Chem Eur J 460:98–122
- 62.
Hake R, McLendon G, Corin A, Holzschu D (1991) Chem Ber 124:238–248
- 63.
Hake R, McLendon G, Corin A, Holzschu D (1973) J Am Chem Soc 95:4902–4909
- 64.
Carey FA, Sundberg RJ (2007) Advanced organic chemistry. Springer 836–850
- 65.
Rostovtsev VV, Green LG, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB (2002) Angew Chem Int Ed 41:2596–22599
- 66.
Caramella P, Houk KN (1976) J Am Chem Soc 98:6397–6399
- 67.
Caramella P, Gandour RW, Hall JA, Deville CG, Houk KN (1977) J Am Chem Soc 99:385–392
- 68.
Suga H, Ebiura Y, Fukushima K, Kakehi A, Baba T (2005) J Org Chem 70:10782–10791
- 69.
Storr TE, Baumann CG, Thatcher RJ, De Ornellas S, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS (2009) Organomet Chem 74:5810–5821
- 70.
Sokolova NV, Nenajdenko VG (2013) RSC Adv 3:16212–16242
- 71.
McNulty J, Keskar K, Vemula R (2011) Chem Euro J 17:14727–14730
- 72.
McNulty J, Keskar K (2012) Eur J Org Chem 2012:5462–5470
- 73.
Tornøe CW, Christensen C, Meldal M (2002) J Org Chem 67:3057–3064
- 74.
Appukkuttan P, Dehaen W, Fokin VV, Eycken E (2004) Org Lett 6:4223–4225
- 75.
Kolb HC, Sharpless KB (2003) Drug Discov Angew Chem Int Ed 8:1128–1137
- 76.
Lee C, Yang W, Parr RG (1988) Phys Rev B 37:785–789
- 77.
Bandyopadhyay D (2008) Appl Phys Jpn 104:084308–084315
- 78.
Bandyopadhyay D, Sen P (2010) J Phys Chem A 114:1835–1842
- 79.
Bandyopadhyay D (2012) J Mol Model 18:3887–3902
- 80.
Trivedi R, Dhaka K, Bandyopadhyay D (2014) RSC Adv 4:64825–64834
- 81.
Becke AD (1993) J Chem Phys 98:5648–5652
- 82.
Zhao Y, Truhlar DG (2008) Theor Chem Accounts 120:215–241
- 83.
Zhao Y, Truhlar DG (2006) J Chem Phys 125:194101–194108
- 84.
Gonzales C, Schlegel HB (1991) J Chem Phys 95:5853–5860
- 85.
Dolbier WR Jr, Koroniak H, Houk KN, Sheu C (1996) Acc Chem Res 29:471–477
- 86.
Kirmse W, Rondan NG, Houk KN (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106:7989–7991
- 87.
Alabugin IV (2000) J Org Chem 65:3910–3919
- 88.
Alabugin IV, Manoharan M, Kovalenko SV (2002) Org Lett 4:1119–1122
- 89.
Alabugin IV, Manoharan M (2003) J Phys Chem 107:3363–3371
- 90.
Alabugin IV, Manoharan M, Zeidan TA (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:14014–14031
- 91.
Alabugin IV, Manoharan M (2004) J Org Chem 69:9011–9024
- 92.
Zeidan TA, Kovalenko SV, Manoharan M, Clark RJ, Ghiviriga I, Alabugin IV (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:4270–4285
- 93.
Alabugin IV, Manoharan M (2003) J Am Chem Soc 125:4495–4509
- 94.
Breiner B, Schlatterer JC, Kovalenko SV, Greenbaum NL, Alabugin IV (2007) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:13016–13021
- 95.
Kamijo S, Dudley GB (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:5028–5029
- 96.
Kamijo S, Dudley GB (2006) J Am Chem Soc 128:6499–6507
- 97.
Tummatorn J, Dudley GB (2008) J Am Chem Soc 130:5050–5051
- 98.
Jones DM, Lisboa MP, Kamijo S, Dudley GB (2010) J Org Chem 75:3260–3267
- 99.
Tummatorn J, Dudley GB (2011) Org Lett 13:158–160
- 100.
Tummatorn J, Dudley GB (2011) Org Lett 13:1572–1575
- 101.
Hayden AE, Houk KN (2009) J Am Chem Soc 131:4084–4089
- 102.
Jones GO, Houk KN (2008) J Org Chem 73:1333–1342
- 103.
Xu L, Doubleday CE, Houk KN (2009) Angew Chem Int Ed 48:2746–2748
- 104.
Lan Y, Houk KN (2010) J Am Chem Soc 132:17921–17927
- 105.
Krenske EH, Houk KN, Holmes AB, Thompson J (2011) Tetrahedron Lett 52:2181–2184
- 106.
Shevchenko NE, Gold B, Bonus N, Dudley GB, Alabugin IV (2012) Org Chem 77:75–89
- 107.
Ess DH, Houk KN (2007) J Am Chem Soc 129:10646–10647
- 108.
Ess DH, Jones GO, Houk KN (2008) Org Lett 10:1633–1636
- 109.
Debashis S, Santu D, Tanmaya P, Bishwajit G (2014) Org Lett 16:2100–2103
- 110.
Ess DH, Schoenebeck F, Jones GO, Houk KN (2009) J Am Chem Soc 131:8121–8133
- 111.
Chandra AK, Uchimaru T, Nguyen MT (1999) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 2:2117–2121
- 112.
Hager C, Miethchen R, Reinke H (2000) J Fluor Chem 104:135–142
- 113.
Dey S, Datta D, Pathak T (2011) Synlett 17:2521–2524
- 114.
Hehre WJ, Radom L, Schleyer PVR, Pople JA (1986) Ab initio molecular orbital theory. Wiley, New York
- 115.
Klicić JJ, Friesner RA (1999) J Phys Chem 103:1276–1282
- 116.
Karthik Kumar K, Mahesh Kumar R, Subramanian V, Mohan Das T (2010) Carbohydr Res 345:2297–2304
- 117.
Sustmann R (1971) Tetrahedron Lett 29:2717–2720
- 118.
Ess DH, Houk KN (2008) J Am Chem Soc 130:10187–10193
- 119.
Himo F, Lovell T, Hilgraf R, Rostovtsev VV, Noodleman L, Sharpless KB, Fokin VV (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:210–216
- 120.
Boren BC, Narayan S, Rasmussen LK, Zhang L, Zhao H, Lin Z, Jia G, Fokin V (2008) J Am Chem Soc 130:8923–8930
- 121.
Meldal M, Tornøe CW (2008) Chem Rev 108:2952–3015
- 122.
Sirisha B, Narsaiah B, Yakaiah T, Gayatri G, Narahari Sastry G, Raghu Prasad M, Raghuram Rao A (2010) Eur J Med Chem 45:1739–1745
- 123.
Mishra JK, Panda G, Rao JS, Sastry GN (2006) Tetrahedron Lett 47:3357–3360
- 124.
Gonzalez C, Schlegel HB (1990) J Phys Chem 94:5523–5527
- 125.
Gonzalez C, Schlegel HB (1989) J Chem Phys 90:2154–2161
- 126.
Michiel van Rhee A, Siddiqi SM, Melman N, Shi D, Padgett WL, Daly JW, Jacobson KA (1996) J Med Chem 39:398–406
- 127.
Zhong P, Guo SR (2004) Chin J Chem 22:1183–1186
- 128.
Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Moorman AR, Iaconinoto MA, Carrion MD, Cara CL, Tabrizi MA, Preti D, Fruttarolo F, Baker SP, Varani K, Borea PA (2006) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16:5530–5533
- 129.
Gheorghe A, Matsuno A, Reiser O (2006) Adv Synth Catal 348:1016–1020
- 130.
Lewis WG, Magallon FG, Fokin VV, Finn MG (2004) J Am Chem Soc 126:9152–9153
- 131.
Straub BF (2007) Chem Commun 25:3868–3870
- 132.
Díez-González S, Correa A, Cavallo L, Nolan SP (2006) Chem Eur J 12:7558–7564
- 133.
Candelon N, Lastécouères D, Diallo AK, Aranzaes JR, Astruc D, Vincent JM (2008) Chem Commun 14:741–743
- 134.
Kuijpers BHM, Dijkmans GCT, Groothuys S, Quaedflieg PJLM, Blaauw RH, van Delft FL, Rutjes FPJT (2005) Synlett 20:3059–3062
- 135.
Berg R, Straub BF, Beilstein J (2013) Org Chem 9:2715–2750
- 136.
Rodionov VO, Presolski SI, Gardinier S, Lim YH, Finn MG (2007) J Am Chem Soc 129:12696–12704
- 137.
Rodionov VO, Presolski SI, Díaz Díaz D, Fokin VV, Finn MG (2007) J Am Chem Soc 129:12705–12712
- 138.
Buckley BR, Dann SE, Heaney H (2010) Chem Eur J 16:6278–6284
- 139.
Straub BF (2007) Chem Commun 37:3868–3870
- 140.
Zhou Y, Lecourt T, Micouin L (2010) Angew Chem Int Ed 49:2607–2610
- 141.
Ahlrichs R, Weigend F (2005) Phys Chem Chem Phys 7:3297–3305
- 142.
Huber C, Schaefer A, Ahlrichs R (1994) J Chem Phys 100:5829–5835
- 143.
Chai JD, Head-Gordon M (2008) Phys Chem Chem Phys 10:6615–6620
- 144.
Cantillo D, Ávalos M, Babiano R, Cintas P, Jiménez JL, Palacios JC (2011) Org Biomol Chem 9:2952–2958
- 145.
Cadiot P, Chodkiewicz W, Viehe HG (ed) (1969) Dekker M, New York, pp 597–647
- 146.
Chodkiewicz W (1957) Ann Chim Paris 2:819–869
- 147.
Alami M, Ferri F (1996) Tetrahedron Lett 37:2763–2766
- 148.
Hein JE, Tripp JC, Krasnova LB, Sharpless KB, Fokin VV (2009) Angew Chem Int Ed 48:8018–8021
- 149.
Roux B, Simonson T (1999) Biophys Chem 78:1–20
- 150.
Ahlquist M, Fokin VV (2007) Organomet Chem 26:4389–4391
- 151.
Hay PJ, Wadt WR (1985) J Chem Phys 82:299–310
- 152.
Barone V, Cossi M (1998) J Phys Chem A 102:1995–2001
- 153.
Fokin VV, Ding K, Dai LX (2012) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA 43, pp 247–277
- 154.
Fokin VV, Hein JE (2010) Chem Soc Rev 39:1302–1315
- 155.
Naota T, Takaya H, Murahashi SI (1998) Chem Rev 98:2599–2660
- 156.
Bruneau C, Dixneuf PH (1999) Acc Chem Res 32:311–323
- 157.
Trost BM, Toste FD, Pinkerton AB (2001) Chem Rev 101:2067–2096
- 158.
Zhang L, Chen X, Xue P, Sun HHY, Williams ID, Sharpless KB, Fokin VV, Jia G (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:15998–15999
- 159.
Hou DR, Kuan TC, Li YK, Lee R, Huang KW (2010) Tetrahedron 66:9415–9420
- 160.
Lamberti M, Fortman GC, Poater A, Broggi J, Slawin AMZ, Cavallo L, Nolan SP (2012) Organomet Chem 31:756–767
- 161.
Majireck MM, Weinreb SM (2006) J Org Chem 71:8680–8683
- 162.
Hay PJ, Wadt WR (1985) J Chem Phys 82:270–283
- 163.
Niu SQ, Hall MB (2000) Chem Rev 100:353–406
- 164.
Diedenhofen M, Wagener T, Frenking G, Marcel Dekker (2001) Comput Organomet Chem 69–122
- 165.
Schultz NE, Zhao Y, Truhlar DG (2005) J Phys Chem 109:4388–4403
- 166.
Neese F (2003) J Chem Phys 118:3939–3948
- 167.
Boz E, Tuzun NS (2013) Organomet Chem 724:167–176
- 168.
Ding S, Jia G, Sun J (2014) Angew Chem Int Ed 53:1877–1880
- 169.
Qiong L, Guochen J, Jianwei S, Zhenyang L (2014) J Org Chem 79:11970–11980
- 170.
Wadt WR, Hay PJ (1985) J Chem Phys 82:284–298
- 171.
Hartwig JF, Cook KS, Hapke M, Incarvito CD, Fan YB, Webster CE, Hall MB (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:2538–2552
- 172.
Wei CS, Jiménez-Hoyos CA, Videa MF, Hartwig JF, Hall MB (2010) J Am Chem Soc 132:3078–3091
- 173.
Lam KC, Lam WH, Lin Z, Marder TB, Norman NC (2004) Inorg Chem 43:2541–2547
- 174.
Rasolofonjatovo E, Theeramunkong S, Bouriaud A, Kolodych S, Chaumontet M, Taran F (2013) Org Lett 15:4698–4701
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the partial financial support from the research council of Alzahra University.
Author information
Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
A correction to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-019-3978-7.
The editor has retracted this article because it contains sections that substantially overlap with a number of previously published sources without appropriate citation and acknowledgment. Tayebeh Hosseinnejad and Majid M. Heravi do not agree to this retraction. Bahareh Fattahi could not be reached for comment.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hosseinnejad, T., Fattahi, B. & Heravi, M.M. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Computational studies on the regioselectivity of metal-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2,3 triazoles via click reaction: a review. J Mol Model 21, 264 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-015-2810-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Keywords
- Azide-alkyne cycloaddition
- Catalyzed click reaction
- Density functional theory
- Free energy reaction profile
- Regioselectivity
- Stereoelectronic effect
- 1,2,3 triazole