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Cultivation and characterization of snowbound microorganisms from the South Pole

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Abstract

Little is known about microbial ecosystems of interior Antarctica, if indeed such ecosystems exist. Although considerable research has assessed microorganisms indigenous to coastal regions of Antarctica, particularly their lakes, ponds, and soils, to our knowledge only one characterized bacterium, a strain of Pseudomonas, has been isolated from South Pole ice or snow. Metagenomic community analyses described in this work and elsewhere reveal that a diversity of bacteria exists in inland polar snows, yet attempts to culture and characterize these microbes from this extreme environment have been few to date. In this molecular and culture-dependent investigation of the microbiology of inland Antarctica, we enriched and isolated two new strains of bacteria and one strain of yeast (Fungi) from South Pole snow samples. The bacteria were of the genera Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas, and the yeast grouped with species of Naganishia (class Tremellocytes). In addition to phylogenetic analyses, characterization of these isolates included determinations of cell morphology, growth as a function of temperature, salinity tolerance, and carbon and energy source versatility. All organisms were found to be cold-adapted, and the yeast strain additionally showed considerable halotolerance. These descriptions expand our understanding of the diversity and metabolic activities of snowbound microorganisms of interior Antarctica.

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Acknowledgments

South Pole ice sample collection was supported by NASA Exobiology/Astrobiology Program Award NNX11AG45G to SBJ and MTM, and we thank Paul Sullivan, United States Antarctic Program, Amundsen-Scott Station, for help in sample collection. Support for the culture-dependent component of this study was provided by the Indiana Wesleyan University (IWU) Division of Natural Sciences and the IWU Hodson Research Institute.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Natural Sciences, Indiana Wesleyan University, 4201 South Washington St., Marion, IN, 46953-4974, USA

    Mackenzie K. Hayward, Emma D. Dewey, Kathryn N. Shaffer, Austin M. Huntington, Brad M. Burchell, Lynn M. Stokes, Brittney C. Alexander, Janessa E. George & W. Matthew Sattley

  2. Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA

    Megan L. Kempher

  3. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

    Samantha B. Joye

  4. Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA

    Michael T. Madigan

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  1. Mackenzie K. Hayward
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Hayward, M.K., Dewey, E.D., Shaffer, K.N. et al. Cultivation and characterization of snowbound microorganisms from the South Pole. Extremophiles 25, 159–172 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-021-01218-z

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