Abstract
Aquatic environments of volcanic origin provide an exceptional opportunity to study the adaptations of microorganisms to early planet life conditions. Here, we characterized the prokaryotic communities and physicochemical properties of seepage sites at the bottom of the Poas Volcano crater and the Agrio River, two geologically related extremely acidic environments located in Costa Rica. Both locations hold a low pH (1.79–2.20) and have high sulfate and iron concentrations (Fe = 47–206 mg/L, SO42− = 1170–2460 mg/L), but significant differences in their temperature (90.0–95.0 ºC in the seepages at Poas Volcano, 19.1–26.6 ºC in Agrio River) and in the elemental sulfur content. Based on the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, we determined that Sulfobacillus spp. represented more than half of the sequences in Poas Volcano seepage sites, while Agrio River was dominated by Leptospirillum and members of the archaeal order Thermoplasmatales. Both environments share some chemical characteristics and part of their microbiota, however, the temperature and the reduced sulfur are likely the main distinguishing features, ultimately shaping their microbial communities. Our data suggest that in the Poas Volcano–Agrio River system there is a common metabolism but with specialization of species that adapt to the physicochemical conditions of each environment.
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taken from Google Earth Pro 7.7.3.7699. 2020. Poas Volcano and surrounds 10°11′53.16″ N,84°13′49.66"W, elevation 2340 M. 2D map, viewed 20 February 2020. http://www.google.com/earth/index.html. c Poas Volcano was in a period of high instability during the sampling campaign, the figure shows a significant amount of gases and that the lake was almost completely dry. d Agrio River is an ARD-like habitat which shows a yellow color in sediments. The waters looked completely colorless and with little material in suspension
source RA1. Same color code applies for the pH and temperature data. Included are Isosol lines corresponding to dissolution of 1 g and 10 g whole rock per liter of water
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Acknowledgements
We thank Sergio Paz and Gerardo Chavarría for contributing and operating the drones in the sampling campaign at the Poas Volcano. We also thank Solange Voysest for her help in figure preparation.
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This work was supported by The Vice-rectory of Research of Universidad de Costa Rica (project number VI 809-B6-524), the Costa Rican Ministry of Science, Technology and Telecommunication (MICITT) and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (project VolcanZyme contract No FI-255B-17) and by the ERC grant IPBSL (ERC250350-IPBSL).
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AAR, FPS, EL, and MC conceived and designed the experiments; AAR, RA, RMA, DRG, and PF performed the experiments; AAR, FPS, DRG, KR, and MC analyzed the data; PF, MC, and DHP contributed reagents or materials or analytical tools; DRG, PF, EL, KR, DHP, and MC wrote the paper. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Rojas-Gätjens, D., Arce-Rodríguez, A., Puente-Sánchez, F. et al. Temperature and elemental sulfur shape microbial communities in two extremely acidic aquatic volcanic environments. Extremophiles 25, 85–99 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-020-01213-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-020-01213-w