Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Relationships between childhood maltreatment, impairment in executive functions and disruptive behavior disorders in a community sample of children

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Evidence points to an independent relationship among childhood maltreatment, impairments in executive functions (EF) and disruptive behavior disorders (DBD). However, it is still not fully understood how these three factors are interrelated. This study evaluated the association between childhood maltreatment and DBD testing the role of EF performance as a mediator or moderator. We studied a probabilistic school-based sample of 2016 children from 6 to 12 years. Mental disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment with parents and children. Children answered questions about exposure to child maltreatment and were evaluated with a set of cognitive tasks addressing inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning. Childhood maltreatment was strongly associated with DBD (OR = 7.7, CI 95% 4.5–12.9). No association was found between childhood maltreatment and EF performance. Children with DBD showed worse performance in cognitive flexibility, which was not identified as a mediator or moderator of the association between childhood maltreatment and DBD. Results indicate that the association between maltreatment and disruptive behavior occurs regardless of performance in executive function in a community sample. Future studies are essential to confirm these findings and elucidate the cognitive mechanisms involved in this association.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Leeb RT, Paulozzi LJ, Melanson C et al (2008) Child maltreatment surveillance: uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559599004001005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Teicher MH, Samson JA, Anderson CM, Ohashi K (2016) The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity. Nat Rev Neurosci 17:652–666

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hart H, Rubia K (2012) Neuroimaging of child abuse: a critical review. Front Hum Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00052

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Bucker J, Kapczinski F, Post R et al (2012) Cognitive impairment in school-aged children with early trauma. Compr Psychiatry 53:758–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.12.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Majer M, Nater UM, Lin J-MS et al (2010) Association of childhood trauma with cognitive function in healthy adults: a pilot study. BMC Neurol 10:61. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-10-61

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Fishbein D, Warner T, Krebs C et al (2009) Differential relationships between personal and community stressors and children’s neurocognitive functioning. Child Maltreat 14:299–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559508326355

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Spann MN, Mayes LC, Kalmar JH et al (2012) Childhood abuse and neglect and cognitive flexibility in adolescents. Child Neuropsychol 18:182–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2011.595400

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nolin P, Ethier L (2007) Using neuropsychological profiles to classify neglected children with or without physical abuse. Child Abus Negl 31:631–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. De Sanctis VA, Trampush JW, Harty SC et al (2008) Childhood maltreatment and conduct disorder: independent predictors of adolescent substance use disorders in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 37:785–793. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802359650

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Ehrensaft MK, Cohen P, Brown J et al (2003) Intergenerational transmission of partner violence: a 20-year prospective study. J Consult Clin Psychol 71:741–753. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.741

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jaffee SR, Caspi A, Moffitt TE et al (2005) Nature X nurture: genetic vulnerabilities interact with physical maltreatment to promote conduct problems. Dev Psychopathol 17:67–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050042

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Ford JD, Racusin R, Ellis CG et al (2000) Child maltreatment, other trauma exposure, and posttraumatic symptomatology among children with oppositional defiant and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Child Maltreat 5:205–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559500005003001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS et al (2015) Annual Research Review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 56:345–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hughes C, Ensor R (2008) Does executive function matter for preschoolers’ problem behaviors? J Abnorm Child Psychol 36:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-007-9107-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Young SE, Smolen A, Hewitt JK et al (2006) Interaction between MAO-A genotype and maltreatment in the risk for conduct disorder: failure to confirm in adolescent patients. Am J Psychiatry 163:1019–1025. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.6.1019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Li JJ, Lee SS (2010) Latent class analysis of antisocial behavior: interaction of serotonin transporter genotype and maltreatment. J Abnorm Child Psychol 38:789–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9409-y

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Raaijmakers MAJ, Smidts DP, Sergeant JA et al (2008) Executive functions in preschool children with aggressive behavior: impairments in inhibitory control. J Abnorm Child Psychol 36:1097–1107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9235-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Diamond A, Barnett WS, Thomas J, Munro S (2007) Supporting Online Materials for Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science (80–) 318:1387–1388. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hobson CW, Scott S, Rubia K (2011) Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD/CD independently of ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 52:1035–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ellis ML, Weiss B, Lochman JE (2009) Executive functions in children: associations with aggressive behavior and appraisal processing. J Abnorm Child Psychol 37:945–956. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9321-5

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Urazán-Torres GR, Puche-Cabrera MJ, Caballero-Forero M, Rey-Anacona CA (2013) Cognitive and executive functions in colombian school children with conduct disorder: sex differences. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr 42:324–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-7450(13)70029-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Saarinen S, Fontell T, Vuontela V et al (2015) Visuospatial working memory in 7- to 12-year-old children with disruptive behavior disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 46:34–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0449-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Moreno-López L, Stamatakis EA, Fernández-Serrano MJ et al (2012) Neural correlates of hot and cold executive functions in polysubstance addiction: association between neuropsychological performance and resting brain metabolism as measured by positron emission tomography. Psychiatry Res - Neuroimaging 203:214–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.01.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Castellanos FX, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Milham MP, Tannock R (2006) Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction. Trends Cogn Sci 10:117–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ardila A (2008) On the evolutionary origins of executive functions. Brain Cogn 68:92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2008.03.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Diamond A, Barnett WS, Thomas J, Munro S (2007) Preschool program improves cognitive control. Science 318:1387–1388. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1151148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Jurado MB, Rosselli M (2007) The elusive nature of executive functions: a review of our current understanding. Neuropsychol Rev 17:213–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Anderson P (2002) Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychol 8:71–82. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Skowron EA, Cipriano-Essel E, Gatzke-Kopp LM et al (2014) Early adversity, RSA, and inhibitory control: evidence of children’s neurobiological sensitivity to social context. Dev Psychobiol 56:964–978. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hébert M, Langevin R, Oussaïd E (2018) Cumulative childhood trauma, emotion regulation, dissociation, and behavior problems in school-aged sexual abuse victims. J Affect Disord 225:306–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.044

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C (2009) Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:434–445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Arnsten AF (2015) Stress weakens prefrontal networks: molecular insults to higher cognition. Nat Neurosci 18(10):1376–1385. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4087

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Danese A, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L et al (2017) The origins of cognitive deficits in victimized children: implications for neuroscientists and clinicians. Am J Psychiatry 174:349–361. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16030333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Richmond JB, Health C, Fisher PA et al (2011) Building the brain’s “air traffic control” system: How early experiences shape the development of executive function. Center on the Developing Child, Harvard University. Working Paper No. 11. http://www.developingchild.harvard.edu

  35. Heck AL, Handa RJ (2019) Sex differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis’ response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones. Neuropsychopharmacology 44:45–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0167-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bangasser DA, Eck SR, Ordoñes Sanchez E (2019) Sex differences in stress reactivity in arousal and attention systems. Neuropsychopharmacology 44:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-018-0137-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Erskine HE, Ferrari AJ, Nelson P et al (2013) Research review: epidemiological modelling of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 54(12):1263–1274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Demmer DH, Hooley M, Sheen J et al (2017) Sex differences in the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder during middle childhood: a meta-analysis. J Abnorm Child Psychol 45(2):313–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Van Der Molen E, Blokland AAJ, Hipwell AE et al (2015) Girls’ childhood trajectories of disruptive behavior predict adjustment problems in early adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12339

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Moffitt TE, Arseneault L, Belsky D et al (2011) A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proc Natl Acad Sci 108:2693–2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Best JR, Miller PH (2010) A developmental perspective on executive function. Child Dev 81:1641–1660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01499.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Zelazo PD, Craik FIM, Booth L (2004) Executive function across the life span. Acta Psychol (Amst). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2003.12.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hill AC, Laird AR, Robinson JL (2014) Gender differences in working memory networks: a BrainMap meta-analysis. Biol Psychol 102:18–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.06.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Spielberg JM, Galarce EM, Ladouceur CD et al (2015) Adolescent development of inhibition as a function of SES and gender: converging evidence from behavior and fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 36:3194–3203. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22838

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Doidge JC, Higgins DJ, Delfabbro P, Segal L (2017) Risk factors for child maltreatment in an Australian population-based birth cohort. Child Abuse Negl 64:47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Middeldorp CM, Lamb DJ, Vink JM et al (2014) Child care, socio-economic status and problem behavior: a study of gene-environment interaction in young dutch twins. Behav Genet 44:314–325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-014-9660-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Pluck G, Banda-Cruz DR, Andrade-Guimaraes MV, Trueba AF (2018) Socioeconomic deprivation and the development of neuropsychological functions: a study with “street children” in Ecuador. Child Neuropsychol 24:510–523. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2017.1294150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Delaney-Black V, Covington C, Ondersma SJ et al (2002) Violence exposure, trauma, and IQ and/or reading deficits among urban children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.156.3.280

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Jaffee SR, Maikovich-Fong AK (2011) Effects of chronic maltreatment and maltreatment timing on children’s behavior and cognitive abilities. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02304.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O et al (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:593. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Salum GA, Gadelha A, Pan PM et al (2015) High risk cohort study for psychiatric disorders in childhood: rationale, design, methods and preliminary results. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 24:58–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Goodman A, Heiervang E, Collishaw S, Goodman R (2011) The “DAWBA bands” as an ordered-categorical measure of child mental health: description and validation in British and Norwegian samples. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46:521–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0219-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Fleitlich-Bilyk B, Goodman R (2004) Prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in Southeast Brazil. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43:727–734. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000120021.14101.ca

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Grassi-Oliveira R, Cogo-Moreira H, Salum GAA et al (2014) Childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ) in Brazilian samples of different age groups: findings from confirmatory factor analysis. PLoS One 9:e87118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Bernstein DP, Fink L (1998) Childhood trauma questionnaire: a retrospective self-report: manual. Psychological Corporation, Orlando

    Google Scholar 

  56. Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD et al (2003) Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abus Negl. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Wechsler D (1991) Wechsler intelligence scale for children, 3rd edn. TX Psychol Corp, San Antonio

    Google Scholar 

  58. Corsi PM (1973) Human memory and the medial temporal region of the brain. Diss Abstr Int 34:891

    Google Scholar 

  59. Strauss EH, Sherman EMS, Spreen O (2006) A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, USA

    Google Scholar 

  60. Stern RA, Singer EA, Duke LM et al (1994) The boston qualitative scoring system for the rey-osterrieth complex figure: description and interrater reliability. Clin Neuropsychol 8:309–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854049408404137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Savage CR, Baer L, Keuthen NJ et al (1999) Organizational strategies mediate nonverbal memory impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 45:905–916. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00278-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Salum GA, DeSousa DA, Manfro GG et al (2016) Measuring child maltreatment using multi-informant survey data: a higher-order confirmatory factor analysis. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 38:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2015-0036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hayes A (2013) Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Guilford, New York, pp 3–4 (978-1-60918-230-4)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Lee V, Hoaken PNS (2007) Cognition, emotion, and neurobiological development: mediating the relation between maltreatment and aggression. Child Maltreat 12:281–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559507303778

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Samuelson KW, Krueger CE, Burnett C, Wilson CK (2010) Neuropsychological functioning in children with posttraumatic stress disorder. Child Neuropsychol 16:119–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Samuelson KW, Krueger CE, Wilson C (2012) Relationships between maternal emotion regulation, parenting, and children’s executive functioning in families exposed to intimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence 27:3532–3550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512445385

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. DePrince AP, Weinzierl KM, Combs MD (2009) Executive function performance and trauma exposure in a community sample of children. Child Abuse Negl 33:353–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.08.002(S0145-2134(09)00096-9 [pii]\r)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Malter Cohen M, Jing D, Yang RR et al (2013) Early-life stress has persistent effects on amygdala function and development in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:18274–18278. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310163110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bailey S, Whittle N, Farnworth P, Smedley K (2007) A developmental approach to violence, hostile attributions, and paranoid thinking in adolescence. Behav Sci Law 25:913–929. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.776

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Broidy LM, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE et al (2003) Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study. Dev Psychol 39:222–245. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.39.2.222

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Hughes C, White A, Sharpen J, Dunn J (2000) Antisocial, angry, and unsympathetic: “Hard-to-manage” preschoolers’ peer problems and possible cognitive influences. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip 41:169–179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963099005193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Dolan M, Lennox C (2013) Cool and hot executive function in conduct-disordered adolescents with and without co-morbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: relationships with externalizing behaviours. Psychol Med 43:2427–2436. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712003078

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Pears K, Fisher PA (2005) Developmental, cognitive, and neuropsychological functioning in preschool-aged foster children: associations with prior maltreatment and placement history. J Dev Behav Pediatr 26:112–122. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200504000-00006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Pollak SD, Tolley-Schell SA (2003) Selective attention to facial emotion in physically abused children. J Abnorm Psychol 112:323–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.3.323

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kavanaugh BC, Dupont-Frechette JA, Jerskey BA, Holler KA (2017) Neurocognitive deficits in children and adolescents following maltreatment: neurodevelopmental consequences and neuropsychological implications of traumatic stress. Appl Neuropsychol Child 6:64–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Butchart A (2008) Epidemiology. The major missing element in the global response to child maltreatment? Am J Prev Med. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Goodman R, Ford T, Richards H et al (2000) The Development and Well-Being Assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41:645–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Scarborough AA, Lloyd EC, Barth RP (2009) Maltreated infants and toddlers: predictors of developmental delay. J Dev Behav Pediatr 30:489–498. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181c35df6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level -or Education- Personnel (CAPES), Academic Excellence Program (Proex), Grant to Ms. Elisa Teixeira Bernardes. National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Grant 573974/2008-0) to National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq), Sao Paulo, Brazil. São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grant 2016/22455-8 and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) Grant 310582/2017-2 to Dr. Polanczyk.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 875, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Elisa Teixeira Bernardes, Eurípedes Constantino Miguel, Marcelo Camargo Batistuzzo & Guilherme V. Polanczyk

  2. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, R. Dr Arnaldo, 455, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Alicia Matijasevich Manitto

  3. Programa de pos-graduacao em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, R. Mal. Deodoro, 1160, Pelotas, RS, Brazil

    Alicia Matijasevich Manitto

  4. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes (INCT-INPD), R. Dr Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Eurípedes Constantino Miguel, Pedro Mario Pan, Marcelo Camargo Batistuzzo, Luis Augusto Rohde & Guilherme V. Polanczyk

  5. Labortatorio Interdisciplinar de Neuroimagem e Cognicao (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Pedro de Toledo, 669, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Pedro Mario Pan

  6. Departmento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Luis Augusto Rohde

Authors
  1. Elisa Teixeira Bernardes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alicia Matijasevich Manitto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Eurípedes Constantino Miguel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Pedro Mario Pan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Marcelo Camargo Batistuzzo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Luis Augusto Rohde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Guilherme V. Polanczyk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elisa Teixeira Bernardes.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Dr. Polanczyk has served as a consultant to Shire, Medice and Teva. He has served on the speakers’ bureau of Shire. He has received royalties from Editora Manole. Luis Augusto Rohde has received grant or research support from, served as a consultant to, and served on the speakers’ bureau of Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen, Medice, Novartis and Shire. The ADHD and Juvenile Bipolar Disorder Outpatient Programs chaired by Dr. Rohde have received unrestricted educational and research support from the following pharmaceutical companies: Eli Lilly and Co., Janssen, Novartis, and Shire. Dr. Rohde has received authorship royalties from Oxford Press and ArtMed and travel grants from Shire to take part in the 2018 APA annual meeting and from Novartis to take part in the 2012 meeting. Other authors have no biomedical financial interests or potential conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bernardes, E.T., Manitto, A.M., Miguel, E.C. et al. Relationships between childhood maltreatment, impairment in executive functions and disruptive behavior disorders in a community sample of children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29, 969–978 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01408-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-019-01408-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation