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Plasma kynurenine and related measures in tic disorder patients

European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry volume 16, pages 71–77 (2007)Cite this article

Abstract

Objective

Increased plasma kynurenine has been reported in tic disorder patients, and this observation has been suggested to be indicative of immune dysregulation. In the present study, we examined plasma levels of kynurenine and related molecules in a group of tic disorder patients.

Methods

Plasma concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine, cortisol, and neopterin were determined in Dutch tic disorder patients (N = 59), and healthy volunteers (N = 32). Group means were compared and age-controlled intra-individual correlations between tic severity and plasma levels of these molecules were examined.

Results

No significant differences were found between patient and control groups in plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, and cortisol concentrations, nor in the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio. However, neopterin was significantly (p = 0.035) higher in patients (mean = 5.13 nmol/l) than in controls (mean = 3.30 nmol/l). Plasma levels of these molecules did not correlate with tic severity, with the exception of tryptophan (r = −0.289, p = 0.049). In patients, plasma neopterin correlated with kynurenine (r = 0.438, p = 0.002); in healthy subjects, tryptophan correlated with kynurenine (r = 0.670, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

While the observed elevation in plasma neopterin is consistent with immune activation in a subset of tic disorder patients, metabolism of tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway appears to be unaltered in tic disorder patients.

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Fig. 1
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Abbreviations

IDO:

indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

K/T ratio:

kynurenine to tryptophan ratio

TDO:

tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 660, 9700 AR, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Pieter J. Hoekstra, Pieter W. Troost & Ruud B. Minderaa

  2. Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA

    George M. Anderson

  3. Department of Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Cees G. M. Kallenberg

Authors
  1. Pieter J. Hoekstra
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  2. George M. Anderson
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  3. Pieter W. Troost
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  4. Cees G. M. Kallenberg
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  5. Ruud B. Minderaa
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Correspondence to Pieter J. Hoekstra.

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Hoekstra, P.J., Anderson, G.M., Troost, P.W. et al. Plasma kynurenine and related measures in tic disorder patients. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16 (Suppl 1), 71–77 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-1009-1

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Keywords

  • tic disorders
  • kynurenine
  • tryptophan
  • neopterin
  • indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
  • cortisol