Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the influence of adhesive resin application modalities on the film thickness of the adhesive resin and the effectiveness of a two-step universal adhesive (UA) bonded in self-etch (SE) bonding mode to high C-factor class-I cavity-bottom dentin.
Materials and methods
After application of the primer of G2-Bond Universal (G2B, GC), the adhesive resin was applied into standard class-I cavities (human molars) following four application modalities: (1) one layer, strongly air-blown; (2) one layer, gently air-blown; (3) two layers, each gently air-blown; (4) one layer, not air-blown. After being restored with composite, each tooth was sectioned to obtain one micro-specimen (n = 10), of which the adhesive resin film thickness was measured using optical microscopy. The micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) was tested immediately or upon 100,000 thermocycles. Statistical analyses involved Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U testing (p < 0.05).
Results
G2B’s μTBS was significantly affected by the adhesive resin application modality and aging. Gently air-blowing the adhesive resin resulted in significantly higher immediate μTBS than strong air-blowing or no air-blowing. No significant difference in μTBS was found between single or double gently air-blown adhesive resin applications. The adhesive resin film thickness significantly varied with the application modalities.
Conclusions
A too thin or too thick adhesive resin film thickness adversely affected bond strength of the two-step UA applied in SE mode and high C-factor condition.
Clinical relevance
The adhesive resin layer thickness can affect the bonding performance of two-step UAs in high C-factor cavities. Dental clinicians remain advised to avoid improper air-blowing of UAs and strictly follow the application instructions.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
References
Cidreira Boaro LC, Pereira Lopes D, de Souza ASC, Lie Nakano E, Ayala Perez MD, Pfeifer CS, Gonçalves F (2019) Clinical performance and chemical-physical properties of bulk fill composites resin - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dent Mater 35(10):e249–e264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.07.007
Ferracane JL, Hilton TJ (2016) Polymerization stress–is it clinically meaningful? Dent Mater 32(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2015.06.020
Feilzer AJ, De Gee AJ, Davidson CL (1987) Setting stress in composite resin in relation to configuration of the restoration. J Dent Res 66(11):1636–1639. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660110601
Van Ende A, De Munck J, Van Landuyt KL, Poitevin A, Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B (2013) Bulk-filling of high C-factor posterior cavities: effect on adhesion to cavity-bottom dentin. Dent Mater 29(3):269–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2012.11.002
De Munck J, Van Landuyt K, Peumans M, Poitevin A, Lambrechts P, Braem M, Van Meerbeek B (2005) A critical review of the durability of adhesion to tooth tissue: methods and results. J Dent Res 84(2):118–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400204
Van Meerbeek B, Yoshihara K, Van Landuyt K, Yoshida Y, Peumans M (2020) From Buonocore’s pioneering acid-etch technique to self-adhering restoratives. A status perspective of rapidly advancing dental adhesive technology. J Adhes Dent 22(1):7–34. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a43994
Perdigão J (2020) Current perspectives on dental adhesion: (1) dentin adhesion - not there yet. Jpn Dent Sci Rev 56(1):190–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2020.08.004
Fujiwara S, Takamizawa T, Barkmeier WW, Tsujimoto A, Imai A, Watanabe H, Erickson RL, Latta MA, Nakatsuka T, Miyazaki M (2018) Effect of double-layer application on bond quality of adhesive systems. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 77:501–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.10.008
Zheng L, Pereira PN, Nakajima M, Sano H, Tagami J (2001) Relationship between adhesive thickness and microtensile bond strength. Oper Dent 26(1):97–104
Lodovici E, Reis A, Geraldeli S, Ferracane JL, Ballester RY, Rodrigues Filho LE (2009) Does adhesive thickness affect resin-dentin bond strength after thermal/load cycling? Oper Dent 34(1):58–64. https://doi.org/10.2341/08-37
D’Arcangelo C, Vanini L, Prosperi GD, Di Bussolo G, De Angelis F, D’Amario M, Caputi S (2009) The influence of adhesive thickness on the microtensile bond strength of three adhesive systems. J Adhes Dent 11(2):109–115
Gauthier MA, Stangel I, Ellis TH, Zhu XX (2005) Oxygen inhibition in dental resins. J Dent Res 84(8):725–729. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400808
Oyama K, Tsujimoto A, Otsuka E, Shimizu Y, Shiratsuchi K, Tsubota K, Takamizawa T, Miyazaki M (2012) Influence of oxygen inhibition on the surface free energy and enamel bond strength of self-etch adhesives. Dent Mater J 31(1):26–31. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2011-162
Rueggeberg FA, Margeson DH (1990) The effect of oxygen inhibition on an unfilled/filled composite system. J Dent Res 69(10):1652–1658. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690100501
Suh BI (2004) Oxygen-inhibited layer in adhesion dentistry. J Esthet Restor Dent 16(5):316–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2004.tb00060.x
Perdigão J, Araujo E, Ramos RQ, Gomes G, Pizzolotto L (2021) Adhesive dentistry: current concepts and clinical considerations. J Esthet Restor Dent 33(1):51–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.12692
Cadenaro M, Antoniolli F, Sauro S, Tay FR, Di Lenarda R, Prati C, Biasotto M, Contardo L, Breschi L (2005) Degree of conversion and permeability of dental adhesives. Eur J Oral Sci 113(6):525–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2005.00251.x
Miyazaki M, Onose H, Iida N, Kazama H (2003) Determination of residual double bonds in resin-dentin interface by Raman spectroscopy. Dent Mater 19(3):245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(02)00039-8
Van Meerbeek B, Willems G, Celis JP, Roos JR, Braem M, Lambrechts P, Vanherle G (1993) Assessment by nano-indentation of the hardness and elasticity of the resin-dentin bonding area. J Dent Res 72(10):1434–1442. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345930720101401
Tang C, Ahmed MH, Yao C, Mercelis B, Yoshihara K, Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B (2023) Experimental two-step universal adhesives bond durably in a challenging high C-factor cavity model. Dent Mater 39(1):70–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2022.11.021
Kemp-Scholte CM, Davidson CL (1990) Complete marginal seal of class V resin composite restorations effected by increased flexibility. J Dent Res 69(6):1240–1243. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690060301
Ahmed MH, Yao C, Van Landuyt K, Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B (2020) Extra bonding layer compensates universal adhesive’s thin film thickness. J Adhes Dent 22(5):483–501. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a45179
Perdigão J, Muñoz MA, Sezinando A, Luque-Martinez IV, Staichak R, Reis A, Loguercio AD (2014) Immediate adhesive properties to dentin and enamel of a universal adhesive associated with a hydrophobic resin coat. Oper Dent 39(5):489–499. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-203-lr
Zecin-Deren A, Sokolowski J, Szczesio-Wlodarczyk A, Piwonski I, Lukomska-Szymanska M, Lapinska B (2019) Multi-layer application of self-etch and universal adhesives and the effect on dentin bond strength. Molecules 24(2):345. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020345
Labella R, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B, Vanherle G (1999) Polymerization shrinkage and elasticity of flowable composites and filled adhesives. Dent Mater 15(2):128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0109-5641(99)00022-6
El-Askary FS, Van Noort R (2011) Effect of air-drying pressure and distance on microtensile bond strength of a self-etching adhesive. J Adhes Dent 13(2):147. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a18782
Hiraishi N, Breschi L, Prati C, Ferrari M, Tagami J, King NM (2007) Technique sensitivity associated with air-drying of HEMA-free, single-bottle, one-step self-etch adhesives. Dent Mater 23(4):498–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2006.03.007
Sadr A, Shimada Y, Tagami J (2007) Effects of solvent drying time on micro-shear bond strength and mechanical properties of two self-etching adhesive systems. Dent Mater 23(9):1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2006.06.042
Armstrong S, Breschi L, Özcan M, Pfefferkorn F, Ferrari M, Van Meerbeek B (2017) Academy of Dental Materials guidance on in vitro testing of dental composite bonding effectiveness to dentin/enamel using micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) approach. Dent Mater 33(2):133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2016.11.015
R Core Team (2020) R: a language and environment for statistical computing (version 4.0.3). R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org
Tang C, Ahmed MH, Yao C, Mercelis B, Yoshihara K, Peumans M, Van Meerbeek B (2023) Bonding performance of experimental HEMA-free two-step universal adhesives to low C-factor flat dentin. Dent Mater 39(6):603–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2023.04.008
Yao C, Ahmed MH, Li X, Nedeljkovic I, Vandooren J, Mercelis B, Zhang F, Van Landuyt KL, Huang C, Van Meerbeek B (2020) Zinc-calcium-fluoride bioglass-based innovative multifunctional dental adhesive with thick adhesive resin film thickness. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12(27):30120–30135. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c06865
Sakaguchi R, Ferracane J, Powers J (eds) (2019) Craig’s restorative dental materials. Elsevier, St. Louis, Missouri
Choi KK, Condon JR, Ferracane JL (2000) The effects of adhesive thickness on polymerization contraction stress of composite. J Dent Res 79(3):812–817. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345000790030501
Kleverlaan CJ, Feilzer AJ (2005) Polymerization shrinkage and contraction stress of dental resin composites. Dent Mater 21(12):1150–1157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2005.02.004
Braga RR, Ballester RY, Ferracane JL (2005) Factors involved in the development of polymerization shrinkage stress in resin-composites: a systematic review. Dent Mater 21(10):962–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2005.04.018
Nikolaenko SA, Lohbauer U, Roggendorf M, Petschelt A, Dasch W, Frankenberger R (2004) Influence of c-factor and layering technique on microtensile bond strength to dentin. Dent Mater 20(6):579–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2003.08.001
Kim HJ, Park SH (2014) Measurement of the internal adaptation of resin composites using micro-CT and its correlation with polymerization shrinkage. Oper Dent 39(2):E57-70. https://doi.org/10.2341/12-378-l
Van Landuyt KL, De Munck J, Snauwaert J, Coutinho E, Poitevin A, Yoshida Y, Inoue S, Peumans M, Suzuki K, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B (2005) Monomer-solvent phase separation in one-step self-etch adhesives. J Dent Res 84(2):183–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400214
De Munck J, Ermis RB, Koshiro K, Inoue S, Ikeda T, Sano H, Van Landuyt KL, Van Meerbeek B (2007) NaOCl degradation of a HEMA-free all-in-one adhesive bonded to enamel and dentin following two air-blowing techniques. J Dent 35(1):74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2006.05.001
Spreafico D, Semeraro S, Mezzanzanica D, Re D, Gagliani M, Tanaka T, Sano H, Sidhu SK (2006) The effect of the air-blowing step on the technique sensitivity of four different adhesive systems. J Dent 34(3):237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2005.06.004
Shinkai K, Suzuki S, Katoh Y (2006) Effect of air-blowing variables on bond strength of all-in-one adhesives to bovine dentin. Dent Mater J 25(4):664–668. https://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.25.664
De Munck J, Arita A, Shirai K, Van Landuyt KL, Coutinho E, Poitevin A, Peumans M, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B (2007) Microrotary fatigue resistance of a HEMA-free all-in-one adhesive bonded to dentin. J Adhes Dent 9(4):373–379. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.jad.a12483
Japiassú Resende Montes MA, de Goes MF, Bernardi da Cunha MR, Borges Soares A (2001) A morphological and tensile bond strength evaluation of an unfilled adhesive with low-viscosity composites and a filled adhesive in one and two coats. J Dent 29(6):435–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-5712(01)00037-9
Perdigão J, Lambrechts P, Van Meerbeek B, Braem M, Yildiz E, Yücel T, Vanherle G (1996) The interaction of adhesive systems with human dentin. Am J Dent 9(4):167–173
Kemp-Scholte CM, Davidson CL (1990) Marginal integrity related to bond strength and strain capacity of composite resin restorative systems. J Prosthet Dent 64(6):658–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3913(90)90291-j
Pashley EL, Agee KA, Pashley DH, Tay FR (2002) Effects of one versus two applications of an unfilled, all-in-one adhesive on dentine bonding. J Dent 30(2):83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-5712(02)00002-7
Taschner M, Kümmerling M, Lohbauer U, Breschi L, Petschelt A, Frankenberger R (2014) Effect of double-layer application on dentin bond durability of one-step self-etch adhesives. Oper Dent 39(4):416–426. https://doi.org/10.2341/13-168-l
Morresi AL, D’Amario M, Capogreco M, Gatto R, Marzo G, D’Arcangelo C, Monaco A (2014) Thermal cycling for restorative materials: does a standardized protocol exist in laboratory testing? A literature review. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 29:295–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.09.013
Acknowledgements
The company GC is gratefully acknowledged for the donation of materials employed in this study.
Funding
Chuliang Tang’s stay and research conducted as PhD student in BIOMAT of KU Leuven was funded by the China Scholarship Council (File No. 201906270273).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
C.T. designed and performed the experiment, and wrote the manuscript. B.M. performed the experiment. K.Y. contributed substantially to discussion. M.P. contributed substantially to discussion. B.V.M. contributed to the concept and discussion, and proofread the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
The human teeth were collected following informed consent approved by the Commission for Medical Ethics of KU Leuven (file number S64350).
Informed consent
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tang, C., Mercelis, B., Yoshihara, K. et al. Does the universal adhesive’s film thickness affect dentin-bonding effectiveness?. Clin Oral Invest 28, 150 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-024-05523-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-024-05523-7