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Influence of smoking on the effectiveness of tooth whitening: a systematic review

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Abstract

Objectives

Perform a systematic review to evaluate the influence of smoking on the effectiveness of tooth whitening (TW) and to analyze whether tooth sensitivity is different between smokers and non-smokers.

Materials and methods

A systematic review modeled according to the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and OpenGrey databases were searched for related clinical trials. The population, exposure, comparison, outcomes (PECO) was individuals who had TW performed, smoking individuals, non-smoking individuals, and effectiveness of TW, respectively. Risk of bias was assessed with the ROBINS-I tool, and data from included studies were extracted by two researchers independently. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) approach.

Results

Five studies were selected for qualitative analysis. The ROBINS-I tool classified 3 studies as having a moderate risk of bias, one study as having a serious risk of bias, and one with a critical risk. GRADE performed only for color change results and showed a low certainty of evidence. Limited evidence suggests that effectiveness of TW between smokers and non-smokers is similar. The tooth sensitivity also does not seem to be influenced by smoking. Due to the heterogeneity of the data, a meta-analysis could not be performed.

Conclusions

Effectiveness of TW between smokers and non-smokers is comparable. The tooth sensitivity also does not seem to be influenced by smoking.

Clinical relevance

The effectiveness of bleaching among smokers and non-smokers appears to be similar. Tooth sensitivity during TW also appears not to be influenced by smoking.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil

    Elma Vieira Takeuchi, Cíntia de Melo Silva Souza, Thaís Andrade de Figueiredo Barros, Cristiane de Melo Alencar & Cecy Martins Silva

  2. Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus GV (UFJF-GV), Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Aryvelto Miranda Silva

Authors
  1. Elma Vieira Takeuchi
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  2. Cíntia de Melo Silva Souza
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  5. Cristiane de Melo Alencar
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Contributions

Elma Vieira Takeuchi had the idea for the article; Elma Vieira Takeuchi and Cíntia de Melo Silva Souza performed the literature search; Elma Vieira Takeuchi, Cíntia de Melo Silva Souza, Thaís Andrade de Figueiredo Barros, Aryvelto Miranda Silva, and Cristiane de Melo Alencar performed the data analysis; Elma Vieira Takeuchi, Cristiane de Melo Alencar, and Cecy Martins Silva drafted and/or critically revised the work.

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Correspondence to Cecy Martins Silva.

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Takeuchi, E.V., de Melo Silva Souza, C., de Figueiredo Barros, T.A. et al. Influence of smoking on the effectiveness of tooth whitening: a systematic review. Clin Oral Invest 27, 69–78 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04807-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04807-0

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