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The effect of phytosphingosine associated with tooth brushing on color change, surface roughness, and microhardness of dental enamel — an in vitro and in situ study

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Abstract

Objective

This study evaluated the in vitro and in situ effects of phytosphingosine (PHS) associated with tooth brushing on color stability, surface roughness, and microhardness of dental enamel.

Methods

Sixty-four specimens of bovine teeth (6 × 6 × 2 mm) were separated into 8 groups (n = 8): S + TB: PHS (spray) + tooth brushing; TB + S: tooth brushing + PHS (spray); I + TB: PHS (immersion) + tooth brushing; TB + I: tooth brushing + PHS (immersion); TB: tooth brushing; S: PHS spray; I: immersion in PHS solution, and Saliva: immersion in saliva. Tooth brushing simulation (Mavtec, Brazil) was performed (356 rpm on 3.8 cm area by the toothbrush — Soft Tek) for 1, 7, 15, and 30 days. PHS remained in contact with specimens for 15 min. The specimens were evaluated before and after tooth brushing for color alteration (Easy Shade, VITA), and surface roughness (Model SJ-201P Mitutoyo), and Knoop microhardness (HMV-2, Shimadzu Corporation). For the in situ analyses, 8 participants were recruited and received an intraoral device with 6 fragments of bovine enamel (6 × 6 × 2 mm). The properties evaluated were the same as those of the in vitro study. Participants were randomized following best results of in vitro tested protocols, for 15 days: TB, TB + S, I + TB. Data obtained by in vitro (two-way ANOVA, Tukey, p < .05) and in situ (one-way ANOVA, Tukey, p < .05) studies were analyzed.

Results

The in vitro study showed that greater color change was found after 30 days. The greatest differences in surface roughness occurred between the initial value and after 1 day. Regarding microhardness, the highest values occurred after 15 and 30 days, which showed similar results. The in situ study showed greater color changes for the TB and I + TB, and greater surface roughness changes for TB as well as a similar increase in microhardness for the PHS protocols, which were higher than TB.

Conclusions

Phytosphingosine leads to an increase in performance regarding color stability, surface roughness, and microhardness when applied. In general, the application of PHS after brushing showed a positive impact on its performance.

Clinical relevance

Phytosphingosine proved to be interesting for compound prevention formulations in the dentistry field.

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Funding

National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq process number: 155468/2018–9).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dental Prosthodontics, Dental School of Rio de Janeiro State University, Boulevard 28 de Setembro, 157, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20551-030, Brazil

    Carolina Noronha Ferraz de Arruda

  2. Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil

    Rocio Geng Vivanco, Ayodele Alves Amorim, Adriana Cavalcanti Ferreira, Rafaella Tonani-Torrieri & Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri Pires-de-Souza

  3. Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit and Universiteit Van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Floris Jacob Bikker

Authors
  1. Carolina Noronha Ferraz de Arruda
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  2. Rocio Geng Vivanco
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  3. Ayodele Alves Amorim
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  4. Adriana Cavalcanti Ferreira
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  5. Rafaella Tonani-Torrieri
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  6. Floris Jacob Bikker
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  7. Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri Pires-de-Souza
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Contributions

All the authors contributed substantially throughout the drafting, data interpretation, and critical revision of the paper. Moreover, they approved the final version of the paper and agreed with all aspects of the work. Additionally, CNFA worked in all stages of the research; RGV helped with the methodology and writing process; AAA, ACF, and RTT helped with the methodology; FJB conceived the PHS solution and worked in all stages of the writing process; FCPPS worked in all stages of the research.

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Correspondence to Carolina Noronha Ferraz de Arruda.

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de Arruda, C.N.F., Vivanco, R.G., Amorim, A.A. et al. The effect of phytosphingosine associated with tooth brushing on color change, surface roughness, and microhardness of dental enamel — an in vitro and in situ study. Clin Oral Invest 27, 849–858 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04619-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04619-2

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