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Effect of propolis mouth rinse on oral microorganisms — a randomized controlled trial

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Abstract

Objectives

To evaluate and compare the efficacy of prepared propolis mouth rinse with Chlorhexidine mouthwash on oral pathogens and also the plaque and gingival index scores.

Material and methods

A triple-blind, concurrent parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted on 120 participants randomized to 4 mouth rinse study groups: (1) Hot Ethanolic Propolis extract; (2) Cold Ethanolic Propolis extract; (3) Chlorhexidine and (4) Distilled water. After a washout period of two weeks, oral prophylaxis and polishing was performed. Participants rinsed twice a day for 3 months. Saliva was collected at baseline, 5 min and 1 h for microbiological analysis. Plaque and Gingival index were recorded at baseline, 15 days, 1 month and 3 months. Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

A decline in the concentration of S. mutans was observed in samples collected after the use of mouth rinse (p < 0.05). In comparison with baseline, L. acidophilus and S. mutans count decreased simultaneously when exposed to Hot Ethanolic mouthwash group (5.5 × 102) and Chlorhexidine mouthwash (5.8 × 102) respectively. At the end of 3 months, similar reduction in plaque scores was found in Chlorhexidine (0.45), Cold Ethanolic (0.46), Hot Ethanolic (0.47) mouthwash groups.

Conclusion

Propolis was found to be as efficient as Chlorhexidine in reducing plaque, gingivitis and dental caries pathogens.

Clinical relevance

Common microorganisms implicated in oral disease are S. mutans and L. acidophilus. There is great paucity of information on antimicrobial activity of propolis, against these microorganisms. Hence, the present study has been taken up to assess the effects of propolis on these oral pathogens.The effects of propolis on oral health have been proved which is obviously a new finding of significance.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the study participants and their parents for their participation and kind cooperation throughout the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health Dentistry, SMBT Dental College, Ghulewadi (Amrutnagar), Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

    Salil Bapat

  2. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India

    Ramesh Nagarajappa

  3. Department of Dentistry, Chamarajanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Kasaba Hobli, Yedapura, Chamarajanagar, Karnataka, India

    Gayathri Ramesh

  4. Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, SMBT Dental College, Ghulewadi (Amrutnagar), Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

    Kruti Bapat

Authors
  1. Salil Bapat
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  2. Ramesh Nagarajappa
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  3. Gayathri Ramesh
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  4. Kruti Bapat
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ramesh Nagarajappa.

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Conflict of interest

Author SB declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author RN declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author GR declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author KB declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Bapat, S., Nagarajappa, R., Ramesh, G. et al. Effect of propolis mouth rinse on oral microorganisms — a randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Invest 25, 6139–6146 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03913-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03913-9

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