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Remineralization effectiveness of adhesive containing amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles on artificial initial enamel caries in a biofilm-challenged environment

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Abstract

Objectives

Dental caries is closely associated with acid-producing bacteria, and Streptococcus mutans is one of the primary etiological agents. Bacterial accumulation and dental demineralization lead to destruction of bonding interface, thus limiting the longevity of composite. The present study investigated remineralization effectiveness of adhesive containing nanoparticles of amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) in a stimulated oral biofilm environment.

Methods

The enamel blocks were immersed in demineralization solution for 72 h to imitate artificial initial carious lesion and then subjected to a Streptococcus mutans biofilm for 24 h. All the samples then underwent 4-h demineralization in brain heart infusion broth with sucrose (BHIS) and 20-h remineralization in artificial saliva (AS) for 7 days. The daily pH of BHIS after 4-h incubation, lactic acid production, colony-forming unit (CFU) count, and content of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) in biofilm were evaluated. Meanwhile, the remineralization effectiveness of enamel was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface microhardness testing, transverse microradiography (TMR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results

The NACP adhesive released abundant Ca and P, achieved acid neutralization, reduced lactic acid production, and lowered CFU count (P < 0.05). Enamel treated with NACP adhesive demonstrated the best remineralization effectiveness with remineralization value of 52.29 ± 4.79% according to TMR. Better microhardness recovery of cross sections and ample mineral deposits were also observed in NACP group.

Conclusions

The NACP adhesive exhibited good performance in remineralizing initial enamel lesion with cariogenic biofilm.

Significance

The NACP adhesive is promising to be applied for the protection of bonding interface, prevention of secondary caries, and longevity prolonging of the restoration.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Ping Zhang for the assistance with SEM and Zhenting Xiang for the assistance with microbial culture.

Funding

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China 81800965 (L.K.N), 81670977 (L.J.Y), and 51903169 (Y.J.J); Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program (2017SZ0030); Postdoctoral Cross Funding of Sichuan University (0040304153013); Research Fund of Chinese Stomatological Association CSA-R2018-06 (L.K.N); China Postdoctoral Foundation 2018M643507 (L.K.N); and Miaozi Project in Science and Technology Innovation Program of Sichuan Province 2019037 (T.S.Y).

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Author notes

  1. Menglin Fan, Jiaojiao Yang, Siying Tao, Zhaohan Yu, Yifang Liu, Meng Li, Xuedong Zhou, Kunneng Liang & Jiyao Li

    Present address: State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, 3rd section, Renmin Road South, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China

  2. Menglin Fan and Jiaojiao Yang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    Hockin H. K. Xu, Michael D. Weir & Kunneng Liang

  2. Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    Hockin H. K. Xu

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Extracted caries-free human molars were collected following a protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sichuan University (WCHSIRB-D-2020-064).

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Fan, M., Yang, J., Xu, H.H.K. et al. Remineralization effectiveness of adhesive containing amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles on artificial initial enamel caries in a biofilm-challenged environment. Clin Oral Invest 25, 5375–5390 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03846-3

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