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Evaluation of salivary VOC profile composition directed towards oral cancer and oral lesion assessment

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Abstract

Objectives

Endogenous substances have been analyzed in biological samples in order to be related with metabolic dysfunctions and diseases. The study aimed to investigate profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fresh and incubated saliva donated by healthy controls, individuals with oral tissue lesions and with oral cancer, in order to assess case-specific biomarkers of oxidative stress.

Materials and methods

VOCs were pre-concentrated using headspace-solid phase microextraction and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Then, VOCs positively modulated by incubation process were subtracted, yielding profiles with selected features. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to inspect data distribution, while univariate statistics was applied to indicate potential markers of oral cancer. Machine learning algorithm was implemented, aiming multiclass prediction.

Results

The removal of bacterial contribution to VOC profiles allowed the obtaining of more specific case-related patterns. Artificial neural network model included 9 most relevant compounds (1-octen-3-ol, hexanoic acid, E-2-octenal, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, E-2-nonenal, nonanoic acid, 2,4-decadienal and 9-undecenoic acid). Model performance was assessed using 10-fold cross validation and receiver operating characteristic curves. Obtained overall accuracy was 90%. Oral cancer cases were predicted with 100% of sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions

The selected VOCs were ascribed to lipid oxidation mechanism and presented potential to differentiate oral cancer from other inflammatory conditions.

Clinical relevance

These results highlight the importance of interpretation of saliva composition and the clinical value of salivary VOCs. Elucidated metabolic alterations have the potential to aid the early detection of oral cancer and the monitoring of oral lesions.

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Funding

The work was supported by the Nicolaus Copernicus University. The author has obtained financial resources for conducting scientific research under the research grant for young researchers from abroad awarded by the Rector of the Nicolaus Copernicus University pursuant to Order no. MNZ/03/2019.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100, Toruń, Poland

    Fernanda Monedeiro, Maciej Monedeiro-Milanowski & Bogusław Buszewski

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Ave., Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, Brazil

    Fernanda Monedeiro & Bruno Spinosa De Martinis

  3. Clinical Department of Maxillofacial Surgery in Regional Dental Centre, Located in the Provincial Polyclinical Hospital in Toruń, 42 Konstytucji 3 Maja St., 87-100, Toruń, Poland

    Hubert Zmysłowski

  4. Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100, Toruń, Poland

    Bogusław Buszewski

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  1. Fernanda Monedeiro
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  2. Maciej Monedeiro-Milanowski
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Correspondence to Bogusław Buszewski.

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Conflict of interest

Author Fernanda Monedeiro declares that she has no conflict of interest. Author Maciej Monedeiro-Milanowski declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Hubert Zmysłowski declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Bruno Spinosa De Martinis declares that he has no conflict of interest. Author Bogusław Buszewski declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee from the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Toruń (Decision Number KB 323/2017).

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Monedeiro, F., Monedeiro-Milanowski, M., Zmysłowski, H. et al. Evaluation of salivary VOC profile composition directed towards oral cancer and oral lesion assessment. Clin Oral Invest 25, 4415–4430 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03754-y

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