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Metal ion quantification in the saliva of patients with lingual arch appliances using silver solder, laser, or TIG welding

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Abstract

Objectives

Quantify metal ion release in the saliva, considering that orthodontic appliances with soldered or welded parts may suffer corrosion and release metal ions into saliva, which can trigger adverse effects, such as hypersensitivity.

Methods

Sixty-four patients were distributed into four groups: G1 (control), G2 (silver-soldered lingual arch), G3 (laser-welded lingual arch), and G4 (TIG-welded lingual arch). Saliva samples were collected at four different points and were analyzed for ion release with ICP-MS.

Results

For Cr, Fe, Cu, and Sn ion concentrations among groups, there was no difference along collections and no statistically significant difference throughout collections for any group (P > 0.05, with release values between 3.3 and 4.2 μg/L for Cr, 201 and 314.8 μg/L for Fe, 23.1 and 40.7 μg/L for Cu, and 13 and 27.7 μg/L for Sn). For Ni, G4 showed an increased ion release at T2 (14.3 μg/L) and T4 (34.5 μg/L), values with an interaction effect (P < 0.001) comparing the groups and the points of collection. For Zn, Ag, and Cd ions there was no difference along the points in time (P > 0.05). For Zn ions, there was a statistic difference from G4 to G1 and G2 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.019), with median values ranging from 741.7 to 963.4 μg/L for G4, and for Ag ions, from G4 to G2 and G3 (P < 0.001 for both), with lower medians for G4 (3.7–6.1 μg/L). For Cd ions there was a statistic difference from T1 to T4 in all groups (P = 0.016), with lower values for T4.

Conclusions

Different welding procedures may affect salivary ion concentrations. For most ions there was no significant increase comparing welding and comparing throughout points in the same group. Although TIG welding presented greater Ni ion release, this possibly occurred due to a bigger corrosion of the welded.

Clinical relevance

Determining the amount of released metal ions from the use of orthodontic appliances is relevant to ensure the safest method for patients. Welding procedures affect salivary ion concentrations, when comparing ion release triggered by one of the most common devices used for preventive/interceptive orthodontic treatments.

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Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel–Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil (CAPES)–Finance Code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dental Program, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Helena Reis de Souza Schacher

  2. Dental Program, School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 6681 Ipiranga Avenue, Building n.6, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil

    Luciane Macedo de Menezes

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  1. Helena Reis de Souza Schacher
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Correspondence to Luciane Macedo de Menezes.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The study was submitted and approved in the research ethics commitee of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (CEP-PUCRS) with the approval number 67430117.7.0000.5336. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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de Souza Schacher, H.R., de Menezes, L.M. Metal ion quantification in the saliva of patients with lingual arch appliances using silver solder, laser, or TIG welding. Clin Oral Invest 24, 2109–2120 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03160-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03160-z

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