Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Triclosan toothpaste as an adjunct therapy to plaque control in children from periodontitis families: a crossover clinical trial

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Clinical Oral Investigations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

Studies have demonstrated that children from aggressive periodontitis (AgP) parents presented precocious alterations in their periodontal condition, and the use of chemical agents in association to plaque control could be useful to control these alterations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Triclosan toothpaste to modulate the clinical and subgingival condition in children from AgP parents.

Methods

Fifteen children from AgP parents and 15 from periodontally healthy parents were included in this crossover placebo study. Children were randomly allocated into triclosan or placebo therapy, using selected toothpaste for 45 days. After 15 days of wash-out, groups were crossed, changing the used toothpaste. Clinical examination and saliva, crevicular gingival fluid (GCF), and subgingival biofilm collection were performed at baseline and 45 days of each phase. GCF cytokines’ levels were analyzed by Luminex/MAGpix platform and subgingival and salivary periodontal pathogens’ levels by qPCR.

Results

At baseline, AgP group presented higher plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and bleeding on probing (BoP), higher Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) abundance in saliva and subgingival biofilm, and lower levels of INF-ɣ, IL-4, and IL-17 in GCF. Placebo therapy only reduced PI in both groups. Triclosan toothpaste reduced PI and GI in both groups. Triclosan promoted reduction of BoP and probing depth (PD), Aa salivary, and IL-1β levels in AgP group. In health group, triclosan reduced INF-ɣ and IL-4 concentration.

Conclusion

Triclosan toothpaste demonstrated to be more effective than placebo toothpaste to control the periodontal condition in children from AgP parents, by reducing the BoP, PD, salivary Aa, and IL-1β.

Clinical relevance

Triclosan toothpaste can improve oral conditions in higher-risk population for AgP.

Trial registration

This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT03642353.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T et al (2018) A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions – introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Clin Periodontol 45:S1–S8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12935

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kulkarni C (2000) Kinane DF (2014) Host response in aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 65:79–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Meng H, Ren X, Tian Y et al (2011) Genetic study of families affected with aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 2000(56):87–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2010.00367.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Haubek D (2010) The highly leukotoxic JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: evolutionary aspects, epidemiology and etiological role in aggressive periodontitis. Apmis 118:1–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02665.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Monteiro MF, Casati MZ, Taiete T et al (2014) Salivary carriage of periodontal pathogens in generalized aggressive periodontitis families. Int J Paediatr Dent 24:113–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12035

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Monteiro M, Casati MZ, Taiete T et al (2015) Periodontal clinical and microbiological characteristics in healthy versus generalized aggressive periodontitis families. J Clin Periodontol 42:914–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Monteiro MF (2015) Evaluation of microbiological and inflammatory response pattern in children of patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis. University of Campinas

  8. Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN (2017) Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Prim 3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.38

  9. Panagakos FS, Volpe AR, Petrone M et al (2005) Advanced oral antibacterial/anti-inflammatory technology: a comprehensive review of the clinical benefits of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice. J Clin Dent 25:S1–S20

    Google Scholar 

  10. Riley P, Lamont T (2013) Triclosan/copolymer containing toothpaste for oral health. 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010514.pub2.Copyright

  11. Ribeiro FV, Casati MZ, Casarin RC, Corrêa MG, Cirano FR, Negri BM, Pimentel SP (2018) Impact of a triclosan-containing toothpaste during the progression of experimental peri-implant mucositis: clinical parameters and local pattern of osteo-immunoinflammatory mediators in peri-implant fluid. J Periodontol 89:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.17-0302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pancer BA, Kott D, Sugai JV, Panagakos FS, Braun TM, Teles RP, Giannobile WV, Kinney JS (2016) Effects of triclosan on host response and microbial biomarkers during experimental gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 43:435–444. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Barros SP, Wirojchanasak S, Barrow DA, Panagakos FS, Devizio W, Offenbacher S (2010) Triclosan inhibition of acute and chronic inflammatory gene pathways. J Clin Periodontol 37:412–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01548.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Casarin RCV, Del Peloso RÉ, Mariano FS et al (2010) Levels of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, inflammatory cytokines and species-specific immunoglobulin G in generalized aggressive and chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 45:635–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01278.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Barnes VM, Teles R, Trivedi HM, Devizio W, Xu T, Lee DP, Mitchell MW, Wulff JE, Milburn MV, Guo L (2010) Assessment of the effects of dentifrice on periodontal disease biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid. J Periodontol 81:1273–1279. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2010.100070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Ainamo J, Bay I (1975) Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J 25:229–235

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mühlemann H, Son S (1971) Gingival sulcus bleeding--a leading symptom in initial gingivitis. Helv Odontol Acta 15:107–113

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Casarin RCV, Peloso Ribeiro ED, Sallum EA, Nociti FH Jr, Gonçalves RB, Casati MZ (2012) The combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole improves clinical and microbiologic results of one-stage, full-mouth, ultrasonic debridement in aggressive periodontitis treatment. J Periodontol 83:988–998. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2012.110513

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cagetti MG, Strohmenger L, Basile V, Abati S, Mastroberardino S, Campus G (2015) Effect of a toothpaste containing triclosan, cetylpyridinium chloride, and essential oils on gingival status in schoolchildren: a randomized clinical pilot study. Quintessence Int 46:437–445. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.a33530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Armitage GC (1999) Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol 4:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Nibali L, Donos N, Brett PM, Parkar M, Ellinas T, Llorente M, Griffiths GS (2008) A familial analysis of aggressive periodontitis - clinical and genetic findings. J Periodontal Res 43:627–634. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01039.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Vieira AR, Albandar JM (2014) Role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis. Periodontol 65:92–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Albandar JM (2014) Aggressive periodontitis: case definition and diagnostic criteria. Periodontol 2000(65):13–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/prd.12014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Michalowicz BS, Diehl SR, Gunsolley JC, Sparks BS, Brooks CN, Koertge TE, Califano JV, Burmeister JA, Schenkein HA (2000) Evidence of a substantial genetic basis for risk of adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 71:1699–1707. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2000.71.11.1699

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hilgert L, Leal S, Bronkhorst E, Frencken J (2017) Long-term effect of supervised toothbrushing on levels of plaque and gingival bleeding among schoolchildren. Oral Health Prev Dent 15:537–542. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.ohpd.a39593

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen S (1965) Experimental gingivitis. J Periodontol 36:177–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2011.01710.x.Endotoxemia

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Maspero C, Galbiati G, Giannini L et al (2018) Evaluation of patients’ compliance in different age groups: preventive methodology. Minerva Stomatol 67:37–44. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4970.17.04083-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Díaz PI, Kolenbrander PE (2009) Subgingival biofilm communities in health and disease. Rev Clínica Periodoncia, Implantol y Rehabil Oral 2:187–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0718-5391(09)70033-3

  29. Kenney EB, Ash MM (1969) Oxidation reduction potential of developing plaque, periodontal pockets and gingival sulci. J Periodontol 40:630–633. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1969.40.11.630

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Loesche WJ, Gusberti F, Mettraux G, Higgins T, Syed S (1983) Relationship between oxygen tension and subgingival bacterial flora in untreated human periodontal pockets. Infect Immun 42:659–667

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Pera C, Ueda P, Viana Casarin RC et al (2012) Double-masked randomized clinical trial evaluating the effect of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on periodontal healing after one-stage full-mouth debridement. J Periodontol 83:909–916. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2011.110348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ellwood R, Worthington H, Blinkhorn A, Volpe AR, Davies RM (1998) Effect of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on the incidence of periodontal attachment loss in adolescents. J Clin Periodontol 25:363–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02456.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Davies R, Scully C, Preston AJ (2010) Dentifrices - an update. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 15:976–982. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.15.e976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Wade WG (2000) Slayne MA (1997) Controlling plaque by disrupting the process of plaque formation. Periodontol 15:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00101.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Marsh P (2005) Dental plaque: biological significance of a biofilm and community life-style. J Clin Periodontol 32(Suppl 6):7–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1600-051X.2005.00790.X

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Sreenivasan PK, Vered Y, Zini A, Mann J, Kolog H, Steinberg D, Zambon JJ, Haraszthy VI, da Silva MP, de Vizio W (2011) A 6-month study of the effects of 0.3% triclosan/copolymer dentifrice on dental implants. J Clin Periodontol 38:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01617.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Seymour GJ, Palmer JE, Leishman SJ, Do HL, Westerman B, Carle AD, Faddy MJ, West MJ, Cullinan MP (2017) Influence of a triclosan toothpaste on periodontopathic bacteria and periodontitis progression in cardiovascular patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Periodontal Res 52:61–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/jre.12369

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Da Silva-Boghossian CM, Do Souto RM, Luiz RR, Colombo APV (2011) Association of red complex, A. actinomycetemcomitans and non-oral bacteria with periodontal diseases. Arch Oral Biol 56:899–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.02.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Asikainen S, Lai CH, Alaluusua S, Slots J (1991) Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotypes in periodontal health and disease. Oral Microbiol Immunol 6:115–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Höglund Åberg C, Kwamin F, Claesson R, Dahlén G, Johansson A, Haubek D (2014) Progression of attachment loss is strongly associated with presence of the JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: a prospective cohort study of a young adolescent population. J Clin Periodontol 41:232–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Shaddox LM, Huang H, Lin T, Hou W, Harrison PL, Aukhil I, Walker CB, Klepac-Ceraj V, Paster BJ (2012) Microbiological characterization in children with aggressive periodontitis. J Dent Res 91:927–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034512456039

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Fine DH, Markowitz K, Fairlie K et al (2013) A consortium of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Streptococcus parasanguinis, and Filifactor alocis is present in sites prior to bone loss in a longitudinal study of localized aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Microbiol 51:2850–2861. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00729-13

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Fine DH, Markowitz K, Furgang D, Fairlie K, Ferrandiz J, Nasri C, McKiernan M, Gunsolley J (2007) Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and its relationship to initiation of localized aggressive periodontitis: longitudinal cohort study of initially healthy adolescents. J Clin Microbiol 45:3859–3869. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00653-07

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Sköld-Larsson K, Yucel-Lindberg T, Twetman SMT (2003) Effect of a triclosan-containing dental gel on the levels of prostaglandin I2 and interleukin-1β in gingival crevicular fluid from adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances. Acta Odontol Scand 61:193–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Mustafa M, Wondimu B, Ibrahim M, Modeer T (1998) ORAL SCIENCES Effect of triclosan on interleukin-1 b production in human gingival fibroblasts challenged with tumor necrosis factor a. 637–643

  46. Mustafa M, Bakhiet M, Wondimu B, Modeer T (2000) Effect of triclosan on interferon-gamma production and major histocompatibility complex class II expression in human gingival fibroblasts. J Clin Periodontol 27:733–737

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Wallet M, Calderon N, Alonso T et al (2013) Triclosan alters antimicrobial and inflammatory responses of epithelial cells. Oral Dis 19:296–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Ebersole JL, Kirakodu S, Novak MJ et al (2014) Cytokine gene expression profiles during initiation, progression and resolution of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 41:853–861. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.12286

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Ujiie Y, Karakida T, Yamakoshi Y et al (2016) Interleukin-4 released from human gingival fibroblasts reduces osteoclastogenesis. Arch Oral Biol 72:187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.08.024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Pähkla ER, Jõgi E, Nurk A, Pisarev H, Koppel T, Naaber P, Saag M, Lõivukene K (2010) Periodontal disease in mothers indicates risk in their children. Int J Paediatr Dent 20:24–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.2009.01027.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Tinoco E, Sivakumar M, Preus H (1998) Clinical penodontology the distribution and transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in families with localized juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 25:99–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was supported by FAPESP—São Paulo Research Foundation (scholarship process 2016/20361-6).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Periodontics, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Av. Limeira, 901 - Areião, Piracicaba, SP, 13414-903, Brazil

    Mabelle Freitas Monteiro, Henrique Tonelli, Aurélio Amorim Reis, Marcio Zaffalon Casati, Karina Gonzales Silvério, Francisco Humberto Nociti Junior, Enilson Antônio Sallum & Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin

Authors
  1. Mabelle Freitas Monteiro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Henrique Tonelli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aurélio Amorim Reis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marcio Zaffalon Casati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Karina Gonzales Silvério
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Francisco Humberto Nociti Junior
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Enilson Antônio Sallum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Renato Corrêa Viana Casarin.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Monteiro, M.F., Tonelli, H., Reis, A.A. et al. Triclosan toothpaste as an adjunct therapy to plaque control in children from periodontitis families: a crossover clinical trial. Clin Oral Invest 24, 1421–1430 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03121-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-03121-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation