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Long-term evaluation of oral gavage with periodontopathogens or ligature induction of experimental periodontal disease in mice

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Abstract

Objective

To evaluate in long-term periods the destruction of periodontal tissues and bacterial colonization induced by oral gavage with periodontopathogens or ligature experimental periodontal disease models.

Material and methods

Forty-eight C57BL/6 J mice were divided into four groups: group C: negative control; group L: ligature; group G-Pg: oral gavage with Porphyromonas gingivalis; and group G-PgFn: oral gavage with Porphyromonas gingivalis associated with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Mice were infected by oral gavage five times in 2-day intervals. After 45 and 60 days, animals were sacrificed and the immune-inflammatory response in the periodontal tissue was assessed by stereometric analysis. The alveolar bone loss was evaluated by live microcomputed tomography and histometric analysis. qPCR was used to confirm the bacterial colonization in all the groups. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon, and ANOVA tests, at 5 % of significance level.

Results

Ligature model induced inflammation and bone resorption characterized by increased number of inflammatory cells and decreased number of fibroblasts, followed by advanced alveolar bone loss at 45 and 60 days (p < 0.05). Bacterial colonization in groups G-Pg and G-PgFn was confirmed by qPCR but inflammation and bone resorption were not observed (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The ligature model but not the oral gavage models were effective to induce inflammation and bone loss in long-term periods. Pg colonization was observed in all models of experimental periodontal disease induction, independent of tissue alterations. These mice models of periodontitis validates, compliments, and enhances published PD models that utilize ligature or oral gavage and supports the importance of a successful colonization of a susceptible host, a bacterial invasion into vulnerable tissue, and host-bacterial interactions that lead to tissue destruction.

Clinical relevance

The ligature model was an effective approach to induce inflammation and bone loss similar to human periodontitis, but the oral gavage models were not efficient in inducing periodontal inflammation and tissue destruction in the conditions studied. Ligature models can provide a basis for future interventional studies that contribute to the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and the complex host response to microbial challenge.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by fellowship from the State of Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) # 12/11860-8. The authors are extremely grateful to Dr. Andressa Vilas Boas Nogueira, Ph.D (Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)) for her help during the experiments; Prof. Dr. Marcia P. A. Mayer (Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo) for her suggestions in the microbiological analysis, and Leandro Alves dos Santos for his technical assistance.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Division of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

      Rafael Scaf de Molon & Sotirios Tetradis

    2. Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Rua Humaita, 1680, Centro, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

      Rafael Scaf de Molon, Vinicius Ibiapina Mascarenhas, Livia Sertori Finoti, Gustavo Boze Toffoli & Joni Augusto Cirelli

    3. Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Rua Humaita, 1680, Centro, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

      Erica Dorigatti de Avila

    4. Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Rua Humaita, 1680, Centro, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

      Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio

    5. Department of Morphology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University, Rua Humaita, 1680, Centro, 14801-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil

      Raquel Mantuaneli Scarel-Caminaga

    6. Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

      Sotirios Tetradis

    7. School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, SP, 14801-903, Brazil

      Joni Augusto Cirelli

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    All authors participated in the design, execution, and analyses of the studies. de Molon, RS drafted the manuscript. All authors made critically revisions and approved the final version.

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    The present study was approved by the Ethical Committee on Animal Experimentation of the School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) (#13/2012).

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    Rafael Scaf de Molon and Vinicius Ibiapina Mascarenhas contributed equally to this work.

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    de Molon, R.S., Mascarenhas, V.I., de Avila, E.D. et al. Long-term evaluation of oral gavage with periodontopathogens or ligature induction of experimental periodontal disease in mice. Clin Oral Invest 20, 1203–1216 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-015-1607-0

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