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The influence of different radiopacifying agents on the radiopacity, compressive strength, setting time, and porosity of Portland cement

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Abstract

Objectives

The aims of this study were to evaluate the radiopacity, compressive strength, setting time, and porosity of white Portland cement (PC) with the addition of bismuth oxide (Bi2O3), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), and ytterbium trifluoride (YbF3) after immersion at 37 °C for 7 days in distilled water or phosphate buffer saline.

Materials and methods

Specimens measuring 8 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness were fabricated from PC with the addition of 10, 20, and 30 wt% Bi2O3, ZrO2 or YbF3. ProRoot MTA (Dentsply, Tulsa, OK, USA) and pure PC were used as controls. For radiopacity assessments, specimens were radiographed alongside a tooth slices and an aluminum stepwedge on Extraspeed occlusal dental films (Insight Kodak, Rochester, New York). Mean optical density of each specimen was calculated and used to express radiopacity of the material as an equivalent thickness of aluminum. Compressive strength was measured by using 4-mm diameter and 6-mm high specimens and Universal testing machine. High-pressure mercury intrusion porosimeter (Carlo Erba Porosimeter 2000) was employed to measure the porosity of the specimens. The setting time was measured by using a needle of 100 g in weight. The morphology of specimens was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (TESCAN Mira3 XMU, USA Inc.). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test (P < 0.05).

Results

The PC with the addition of at least 10 wt% Bi2O3 and 20 wt% ZrO2 or YbF3 demonstrated greater radiopacity value than the recommended 3 mmAl cut-off. ZrO2 and YbF3 increased the compressive strength of PC, but it was not statistically significant (P > 0.05), while Bi2O3 decreased it (P < 0.05). All radiopacifiers significantly increased the porosity of the experimental cements (P < 0.05). Bi2O3 extended the setting time of PC (P < 0.05), whilst ZrO2 and YbF3 did not significantly affect it (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

ZrO2 and YbF3 may be used as a suitable alternative to replace Bi2O3 in MTA without influencing its physical properties.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia (projects no. III 45001 and III 45005).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Anthropology, Institute for Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotica br. 4, Belgrade, Serbia

    Djordje Antonijevic

  2. Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Ivana Medigovic

  3. Department for Graphic Engineering, Faculty of Metallurgy and Technology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Milorad Zrilic

  4. Faculty of Metallurgy and Technology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Bojan Jokic

  5. Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Zorica Vukovic

  6. Clinic of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Ljubomir Todorovic

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  1. Djordje Antonijevic
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  2. Ivana Medigovic
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  3. Milorad Zrilic
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  4. Bojan Jokic
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  5. Zorica Vukovic
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  6. Ljubomir Todorovic
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Correspondence to Djordje Antonijevic.

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Antonijevic, D., Medigovic, I., Zrilic, M. et al. The influence of different radiopacifying agents on the radiopacity, compressive strength, setting time, and porosity of Portland cement. Clin Oral Invest 18, 1597–1604 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-013-1130-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-013-1130-0

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