Skip to main content
Log in

Deep learning-based elderly gender classification using Doppler radar

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 08 April 2021

This article has been updated

Abstract

Society today is facing a rapidly aging population. While various monitoring systems have been proposed for protecting elderly persons in their daily lives, concerns relating to privacy limit the effectiveness of these systems. In response to this issue, we investigate the use of Doppler radar images for monitoring the elderly, as these images are known to protect privacy very well. As the first step, we investigate the use of Doppler radar images for the gender classification of the elderly. We used sit-to-stand Doppler radar images of elderly persons, obtained eleven groups of images through image processing, and applied five state-of-the-art deep learning models to classify the gender. The classification results revealed a classification accuracy rate as high as 90%, which indicates that sit-to-stand Doppler radar images of the elderly can indeed reflect their gender to a certain extent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

References

  1. Gao YB, Xiang XH, Huang B, Lee HJ, Alrifai R, Jiang XY, Fang ZJ (2018) Human action monitoring for healthcare based on deep learning. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2869790

  2. Meng L, Kong X, Taniguti D (2016) Danger situations detection for the senior in toilet room using the center of gravity. In: 2016 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems (ICAMechS), pp 468–471

  3. Kong XB, Chen LH, Wang ZC, Chen YX, Meng L, Tomiyama H (2019) Robust self-adaptation fall-detection system based on camera height. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173768

  4. Wang Z, Saho K, Tomiyama H, Meng L (2019) Gender classification of elderly people using Doppler radar images based on machine learning. 2019 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems (ICAMechS), pp 305–310

  5. Meng L, Lyu B, Zhang Z, Aravinda CV, Kamitoku N, Yamazaki K (2019) Ocrale bone inscription detector based on ssd. Trends Image Anal Process ICIAP 2019 Lect Notes Comput Sci 11808:126–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Jeng SF, Schenkman M, Riley PO, Lin SJ (1990) Reliability of a clinical kinematic assessment of the sit-to-stand movement. Phys Ther 70(8):511–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Masullo A, Burghardt T, Perrett T, Damen D, Mirmehdi M (2019) Sit-to-stand analysis in the wild using silhouettes for longitudinal health monitoring. arXiv:1910.01370

  8. Frykberg GE, Häger CK (2015) Movement analysis of sit-to-stand - research informing clinical practice. In: Physical Therapy Reviews

  9. Gurbuz S, Amin MG (2019) Radar-based human-motion recognition with deep learning: promising applications for indoor monitoring. IEEE Signal Proc Mag 36(4):16–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kalgaonkar K, Raj B (2007) Acoustic Doppler sonar for gait recogination. In: 2007 IEEE Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance

  11. Garreau G, Andreou CM, Andreou AG, Georgiou J, Dura-Bernal S, Wennekers T, Denham SL (2011) Gait-based person and gender recognition using micro-Doppler signatures. In: 2011 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS)

  12. Wang Y, Chen Y, Li J (2017) Gait-based human identification using acoustic sensor and deep neural network. In: Future Gener Comput Syst

  13. Yang Y, Hou C, Xiang W (2019) Person identification using micro-Doppler signatures of human motions and uwb radar. In: IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters

  14. Steffen T, Mollinger L (2002) Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling adults. J Neurol Phys Ther 29(4):181–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. anagawa N, Shimomitsu T, Kawanishi M, Fukunaga T, Kanehisa H Sex difference in age-related changes in knee extensor strength and power production during a 10-times-repeated sit-to-stand task in japanese elderly. J Physiol Anthropol 34(40)

  16. Kwon Y, Heo JH, Jeon HM, Min SD, Jun JH, Tack GR, Park BK, Kim J, Eom GM (2016) Age-gender difference in the biomechanical features of sit-to-stand movement. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16(08)

  17. Nojiri N, Meng Z, Saho K, Duan Y, Uemura K, Aravinda CV, Prabhu A, Shimakawa H, Meng L Apathy classification based on Doppler radar image for the elderly person provisionally. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.553847

  18. Meng L, Hirayama T, Oyanagig S (2018) Underwater-drone with panoramic camera for automatic fish recognition based on deep learning. IEEE Access 6(1):17880–17886

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Meng L, Aravinda CV, Reddy K R UK, Izumi T, Yamazaki K (2018) Ancient asian character recognition for literature preservation and understanding. Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection. EuroMed 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11196. Springer, pp 741–751

  20. Lecun Y, Bottou L, Bengio Y, Haffner P (1998) Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE, pp 2278–2324

  21. A. K, I. S, Hinton GE (2012) Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS 2012

  22. Szegedy C, Liu W, Jia YQ, Sermanet P, Reed S, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Vanhoucke V, Rabinovich A (2015) Going deeper with convolutions. In: 2015 IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2015

  23. Simonyan K, Zisserman A (2015) Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS 2015

  24. He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2015) Deep residual learning for image recognition. arXiv:1512.03385

  25. G.Huang, Z.Liu, der Maaten L, K.Q.Weinberger (2015) Densely connected convolutional networks. In: IEEE Conference on Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision (PRCV), CVPR 2016

  26. Zeng F, Chen Q, Meng L, Wu J Volunteer assisted collaborative offloading and resource allocation in vehicular edge computing. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.2980422

  27. Howard AG, Zhu M, Chen B, Kalenichenko D, Wang W, Wey T, Andreetto M, Adam H (2017) Mobilenets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. arXiv:1704.04861

  28. Sandler M, Howard A, Zhu M, Zhmoginov A, Chen L-C (2018) Mobilenetv2: inverted residuals and linear bottleneck. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2018

  29. Szegedy C, Liu W, Jia YQ, Sermanet P, Reed S, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Vanhoucke V, Rabinovich A (2016) Rethinking the inception architecture for computer vision. In: IEEE Conference on Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision, PRCV 2016

  30. Szegedy C, Ioffe S, Vanhoucke V, Alemi A (2016) Inception-v4, inception-resnet and the impact of residual connections on learning. arXiv:1602.07261

  31. Cholle F (2017) Xception: deep learning with depthwise separable convolution. In: IEEE Conference on Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision, PRCV 2017

Download references

Funding

This work was partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI (18K18337).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lin Meng.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original version of this article was revised: The name of the third author is Kenshi Saho not Keshi Saho.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, Z., Meng, Z., Saho, K. et al. Deep learning-based elderly gender classification using Doppler radar. Pers Ubiquit Comput 26, 1067–1079 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-020-01490-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-020-01490-4

Keywords

Navigation