Abstract
Background
Low back pain (LBP) is a major public health problem and the most common cause of workers’ disability, resulting in substantial economic burden in terms of workers’ compensation and medical costs. Sitting is a recognized potential risk factor for developing LBP. Therefore, eliminating risk factors associated with working conditions and individual work capacity may be beneficial in preventing LBP in sitting workers. The purpose of this prospective cross-sectional study is to investigate the prevalence of LBP and examine risk factors that contribute to the development of LBP in sitting workers at an electronics manufacturing company.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey was administered to all subjects to assess the prevalence of LBP persisting for at least 48 h during the recent week. Data on demographic characteristics and potential risk factors for LBP were collected at routine annual check-ups. Patients with LBP completed the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ), which provided information on the attributes of LBP. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses examined the association between LBP and potential risk factors.
Results
Of the 1,329 sitting workers, 201 (15.1 %) acknowledged experiencing LBP during the recent week. In female workers, weight and body mass index were significantly correlated with the RDQ score. Univariate analyses identified male sex, prior history of LBP, height ≥170 cm, and weight ≥70 kg as significant risk factors of LBP. Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified prior history of LBP and past history of lumbar spine surgery as significant risk factors of LBP.
Conclusions
This study characterized the prevalence and attributes of LBP in Japanese sitting workers and provided information about potential risk factors contributing to occurrence of LBP in the workplace.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine J. 2008;8:8–20.
Taylor HR, Taylor JA, Taylor WJ, Thomas B, Thomson WM, Thurston GD, Tleyjeh IM, Tonelli M, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Tsilimbaris MK, Ubeda C, Undurraga EA, van der Werf MJ, van Os J, Vavilala, Venketasubramanian N, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weatherall DJ, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Weisskopf MG, Weissman MM, White RA, Whiteford H, Wiebe N, Wiersma ST, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams SR, Witt E, Wolfe F, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Zaidi AK, Zheng ZJ, Zonies D, Lopez AD, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197–223.
Steiner T, Stolk WA, Stovner LJ, Sudfeld C, Syed S, Tamburlini G, Tavakkoli M, Taylor HR, Taylor JA, Taylor WJ, Thomas B, Thomson WM, Thurston GD, Tleyjeh IM, Tonelli M, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Tsilimbaris MK, Ubeda C, Undurraga EA, van der Werf MJ, van Os J, Vavilala, Venketasubramanian N, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weatherall DJ, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Weisskopf MG, Weissman MM, White RA, Whiteford H, Wiersma ST, Wilkinson JD, Williams HC, Williams SR, Witt E, Wolfe F, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yeh PH, Zaidi AK, Zheng ZJ, Zonies D, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2163–96.
Kopec JA, Sayre EC, Esdaile JM. Predictors of back pain in a general population cohort. Spine. 2004;29:70–7.
Juul-Kristensen B, Søgaard K, Strøyer J, Jensen C. Computer users’ risk factors for developing shoulder, elbow and back symptoms. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2004;30:390–8.
Dionne C, Koepsell TD, Von Korff M, Deyo RA, Barlow WI, Checkoway H. Formal education and back-related disability. In search of an explanation. Spine. 1995;20:2721–30.
Shiri R, Solovieva S, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Telama R, Yang X, Viikari J, Raitakari OT, Viikari-Juntura E. The role of obesity and physical activity in non-specific and radiating low back pain: the Young Finns study. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013;42:640–50.
Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, Solovieva S, Viikari-Juntura E. The association between smoking and low back pain: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2010;123:87.e7–35.
van de Water AT, Eadie J, Hurley DA. Investigation of sleep disturbance in chronic low back pain: an age- and gender-matched case-control study over a 7-night period. Man Ther. 2011;16:550–6.
Chen JC, Chang WR, Chang W, Christiani D. Occupational factors associated with low back pain in urban taxi drivers. Occup Med. 2005;55:535–40.
Hoogendoorn WE, van Poppel MN, Bongers PM, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Systematic review of psychosocial factors at work and private life as risk factors for back pain. Spine. 2000;25:2114–25.
Andersson GB. Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain. Lancet. 1999;354:581–5.
Lis AM, Black KM, Korn H, Nordin M. Association between sitting and occupational LBP. Eur Spine J. 2007;16:283–98.
Nachemson A, Elfström G. Intravital dynamic pressure measurements in lumbar discs. A study of common movements, maneuvers and exercises. Scand J Rehabil Med Suppl. 1970;1:1–40.
van Oostrom SH, Verschuren M, de Vet HC, Boshuizen HC, Picavet HS. Longitudinal associations between physical load and chronic low back pain in the general population: the Doetinchem Cohort Study. Spine. 2012;37:788–96.
Walsh K, Cruddas M, Coggon D. Low back pain in eight areas of Britain. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1992;46:227–30.
Spyropoulos P, Papathanasiou G, Georgoudis G, Chronopoulos E, Koutis H, Koumoutsou F. Prevalence of low back pain in Greek public office workers. Pain Physician. 2007;10:651–9.
Roland M, Morris R. A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain. Spine. 1983;8:141–4.
Björck-van Dijken C, Fjellman-Wiklund A, Hildingsson C. Low back pain, lifestyle factors and physical activity: a population based-study. J Rehabil Med. 2008;40:864–9.
Deyo RA, Bass JE. Lifestyle and low-back pain. The influence of smoking and obesity. Spine. 1989;14:501–6.
Krismer M, van Tulder M. Low Back Pain Group of the Bone and Joint Health Strategies for Europe Project. Strategies for prevention and management of musculoskeletal conditions. Low back pain (non-specific). Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21:77–91.
Magora A. Investigation of the relation between low back pain and occupation. 3. Physical requirements: sitting, standing and weight lifting. IMS Ind Med Surg. 1972;41:5–9.
Nakamura M, Nishiwaki Y, Ushida T, Toyama Y. Prevalence and characteristics of chronic musculoskeletal pain in Japan. J Orthop Sci. 2011;16:424–32.
Tomita S, Arphorn S, Muto T, Koetkhlai K, Naing SS, Chaikittiporn C. Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among Thai and Myanmar migrant seafood processing factory workers in Samut Sakorn Province, Thailand. Ind Health. 2010;48:283–91.
Matsudaira K, Konishi H, Miyoshi K, Isomura T, Takeshita K, Hara N, Yamada K, Machida H. Potential risk factors for new onset of back pain disability in Japanese workers: findings from the Japan Epidemiological Research of Occupation-Related Back Pain (JOB) Study. Spine. 2012;37:1324–33.
Ragab A, Deshazo RD. Management of back pain in patients with previous back surgery. Am J Med. 2008;121:272–8.
Von Korff M, Deyo RA, Cherkin D, Barlow W. Back pain in primary care. Outcomes at 1 year. Spine. 1993;18:855–62.
Papageorgiou AC, Croft PR, Thomas E, Ferry S, Jayson MI, Silman AJ. Influence of previous pain experience on the episode incidence of low back pain: results from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. Pain. 1996;66:181–5.
Heuch I, Hagen K, Heuch I, Nygaard Ø, Zwart JA. The impact of body mass index on the prevalence of low back pain: the HUNT study. Spine. 2010;35:764–8.
Coeuret-Pellicer M, Descatha A, Leclerc A, Zins M. Are tall people at higher risk of low back pain surgery? A discussion on the results of a multipurpose cohort. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:125–7.
Wang D, Nasto LA, Roughley P, Leme AS, Houghton AM, Usas A, Sowa G, Lee J, Niedernhofer L, Shapiro S, Kang J, Vo N. Spine degeneration in a murine model of chronic human tobacco smokers. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2012;20:896–905.
Heneweer H, Staes F, Aufdemkampe G, van Rijn M, Vanhees L. Physical activity and low back pain: a systematic review of recent literature. Eur Spine J. 2011;20:826–45.
Suzukamo Y, Fukuhara S, Kikuchi S, Konno S, Roland M, Iwamoto Y, Nakamura T. Committee on science project, japanese orthopaedic association. validation of the Japanese version of the Roland-Morris disability questionnaire. J Orthop Sci. 2003;8:543–8.
Mengiardi B, Schmid MR, Boos N, Pfirrmann CW, Brunner F, Elfering A, Hodler J. Fat content of lumbar paraspinal muscles in patients with chronic low back pain and in asymptomatic volunteers: quantification with MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 2006;240:786–92.
Fischer MA, Nanz D, Shimakawa A, Schirmer T, Guggenberger R, Chhabra A, Carrino JA, Andreisek G. Quantification of muscle fat in patients with low back pain: comparison of multi-echo MR imaging with single-voxel MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 2013;266:555–63.
Taira S, Shimabukuro M, Higa M, Yabiku K, Kozuka C, Ueda R, Sunagawa S, Ohshiro Y, Doi M, Nanba T, Kawamoto E, Nakayama Y, Nakamura H, Iha T, Nakachi S, Tomoyose T, Ikema T, Yamakawa K, Masuzaki H. Lipid deposition in various sites of the skeletal muscles and liver exhibits a positive correlation with visceral fat accumulation in middle-aged Japanese men with metabolic syndrome. Intern Med. 2013;52:1561–71.
Larivière C, Gagnon D, Gravel D. Bertrand Arsenault A. The assessment of back muscle capacity using intermittent static contractions. Part I–Validity and reliability of electromyographic indices of fatigue. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008;18:1006–19.
Mclean L, Tingley M, Scott RN, Rickards J. Computer terminal work and the benefit of microbreaks. Appl Ergon. 2001;32:225–37.
Driessen MT, Proper KI, Anema JR, Knol DL, Bongers PM, van der Beek AJ. The effectiveness of participatory ergonomics to prevent low-back and neck pain–results of a cluster randomized controlled trial. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011;37:383–93.
Gilson ND, Suppini A, Ryde GC, Brown HE, Brown WJ. Does the use of standing ‘hot’ desks change sedentary work time in an open plan office? Prev Med. 2012;54:65–7.
Radas A, Mackey M, Leaver A, Bouvier AL, Chau JY, Shirley D, Bauman A. Evaluation of ergonomic and education interventions to reduce occupational sitting in office-based university workers: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14:330.
Keyserling WM, Punnet L, Fine LJ. Trunk posture and back pain: identification and control of occupational risk factors. Appl Ind Hyg. 1998;3:87–92.
Matsudaira K, Konishi H, Miyoshi K, Isomura T, Inuzuka K. Potential risk factors of persistent low back pain developing from mild low back pain in urban Japanese workers. PLoS One. 2014;9:e93924.
Hartvigsen J, Leboeuf-Yde C, Lings S, Corder EH. Is sitting-while-at-work associated with low back pain? A systematic, critical literature review. Scand J Public Health. 2000;28:230–9.
Chen SM, Liu MF, Cook J, Bass S, Lo SK. Sedentary lifestyle as a risk factor for low back pain: a systematic review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2009;82:797–806.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Inoue, G., Miyagi, M., Uchida, K. et al. The prevalence and characteristics of low back pain among sitting workers in a Japanese manufacturing company. J Orthop Sci 20, 23–30 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00776-014-0644-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00776-014-0644-x