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Perception of the plant hormone ethylene: known-knowns and known-unknowns

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Abstract

The gaseous phytohormone ethylene is implicated in virtually all phases of plant growth and development and thus has a major impact on crop production. This agronomic impact makes understanding ethylene signaling the Philosopher’s Stone of the plant biotechnology world in applications including post-harvest transport of foodstuffs, consistency of foodstuff maturity pre-harvest, decorative flower freshness and longevity, and biomass production for biofuel applications. Ethylene is biosynthesized by plants in response to environmental factors and plant life-cycle events, and triggers a signaling cascade that modulates over 1000 genes. The key components in the perception of ethylene are a family of copper dependent receptors, the bioinorganic chemistry of which has been largely ignored by the chemical community. Since identification of these receptors two decades ago, there has been tremendous growth in knowledge in the biological community on the signal transduction pathways and mechanisms of ethylene signaling. In this review, we highlight these advances and key chemical voids in knowledge that are overdue for exploration, and which are required to ultimately regulate and control ethylene signaling.

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Fig. 1
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Adapted from [73]

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Adapted from [39]

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Adapted from [160]

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Notes

  1. The other gaseous phytohormone is methyl jasmonate. See [8] for details.

  2. It is known that among olefins, small cyclic olefins typically behave as antagonists and larger non-constrained olefins behave as agonists. Silver also behaves as antagonist, and carbon monoxide, cyanide, and acetylene are ethylene agonists.

Abbreviations

ETR1:

Ethylene Response 1

ERS1:

Ethylene Response Sensor 1

ETR2:

Ethylene Response 2

ERS2:

Ethylene Response Sensor 2

EIN4:

Ethylene Insensitive 4

CTR1:

Constitutive Triple Response 1

EIN2:

Ethylene Insensitive 2

EIN3:

Ethylene Insensitive 3

RTE1:

Reversion To Ethylene 1

NR:

Never Ripe

ACC:

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxycylic acid

1-MCP:

1-Methylcyclopropene

A. thaliana :

Thale cress

S. lycopersicum :

Tomato

N. tabacum :

Tobacco

phen:

1,10-Phenanthroline

bipy:

2,2′-Bipyridine

tmen:

N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine

py:

Pyridine

ttcn:

1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane

hq:

2-Hydroxyquinoxaline

dpa:

Bis(2-pyridyl)amine

dad:

1,4-Diaza-1,3-butadiene

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Acknowledgments

W. A. V. is supported by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-0850, USA

    Kenneth M. Light, John A. Wisniewski, W. Andrew Vinyard & Matthew T. Kieber-Emmons

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  1. Kenneth M. Light
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  2. John A. Wisniewski
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  3. W. Andrew Vinyard
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  4. Matthew T. Kieber-Emmons
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Correspondence to Matthew T. Kieber-Emmons.

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Light, K.M., Wisniewski, J.A., Vinyard, W.A. et al. Perception of the plant hormone ethylene: known-knowns and known-unknowns. J Biol Inorg Chem 21, 715–728 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-016-1378-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-016-1378-3

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