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Thermodynamics of Calcium binding to the Calmodulin N-terminal domain to evaluate site-specific affinity constants and cooperativity

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Abstract

Calmodulin (CaM) is an essential Ca(II)-dependent regulator of cell physiology. To understand its interaction with Ca(II) at a molecular level, it is essential to examine Ca(II) binding at each site of the protein, even if it is challenging to estimate the site-specific binding properties of the interdependent CaM-binding sites. In this study, we evaluated the site-specific Ca(II)-binding affinity of sites I and II of the N-terminal domain by combining site-directed mutagenesis and spectrofluorimetry. The mutations had very low impact on the protein structure and stability. We used these binding constants to evaluate the inter-site cooperativity energy and compared it with its lower limit value usually reported in the literature. We found that site I affinity for Ca(II) was 1.5 times that of site II and that cooperativity induced an approximately tenfold higher affinity for the second Ca(II)-binding event, as compared to the first one. We further showed that insertion of a tryptophan at position 7 of site II binding loop significantly increased site II affinity for Ca(II) and the intra-domain cooperativity. ΔH and ΔS parameters were studied by isothermal titration calorimetry for Ca(II) binding to site I, site II and to the entire N-terminal domain. They showed that calcium binding is mainly entropy driven for the first and second binding events. These findings provide molecular information on the structure–affinity relationship of the individual sites of the CaM N-terminal domain and new perspectives for the optimization of metal ion binding by mutating the EF-hand loops sequences.

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded in part by the Toxicologie program CalUMo from the CEA, by the ECCOREV Research federation, and by the Programme Investissement Avenir DEMETERRES. We acknowledge Pascale Delangle for useful discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CEA, DSV, IBEB, Laboratoire des Interactions Protéine Métal, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France

    Maria Rosa Beccia, Sandrine Sauge-Merle, David Lemaire, Nicolas Brémond, Romain Pardoux & Catherine Berthomieu

  2. CNRS, UMR Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementale, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France

    Maria Rosa Beccia, Sandrine Sauge-Merle, David Lemaire, Nicolas Brémond, Romain Pardoux & Catherine Berthomieu

  3. Aix-Marseille Université, BVME, 13284, Marseille, France

    Maria Rosa Beccia, Sandrine Sauge-Merle, David Lemaire, Nicolas Brémond, Romain Pardoux & Catherine Berthomieu

  4. Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13284, Marseille Cedex 09, France

    Stéphanie Blangy

  5. CNRS, UMR7257, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France

    Stéphanie Blangy

  6. CEA, DRCPC, SMCS, LILA, Bagnols Sur Cèze, France

    Philippe Guilbaud

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  1. Maria Rosa Beccia
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Correspondence to Catherine Berthomieu.

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Beccia, M.R., Sauge-Merle, S., Lemaire, D. et al. Thermodynamics of Calcium binding to the Calmodulin N-terminal domain to evaluate site-specific affinity constants and cooperativity. J Biol Inorg Chem 20, 905–919 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-015-1275-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-015-1275-1

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