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Mechanistic insights into the superoxide–cytochrome c reaction by lysine surface scanning

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Abstract

This study summarizes results which have been obtained by a mutational study of human cytochrome c. The protein can be used as a recognition element in analytical assays and biosensors for superoxide radicals since ferricytochrome c reacts with superoxide to form ferrocytochrome c and oxygen. Here lysine mutagenesis of the distal surface (i.e., of exposed residues around the Met80 axial ligand) of human cytochrome c was pursued to evaluate the effect of the surface charges on the reaction rate with the superoxide anion radical and on the redox properties of the heme protein. The latter feature is particularly relevant when the protein is immobilized on a negatively charged self-assembled monolayer on an electrode to be used as a biosensor. The observed effects of the mutations are rationalized through structural investigations based on solution NMR spectroscopy and computational analysis of the surface electrostatics. The results suggest the presence of a specific path that guides superoxide toward an efficient reaction site. Localized positive charges at the rim of the entry channel are effective in increasing the reaction rate, whereas diffused positive charges or charges far from this area are not effective or are even detrimental, resulting in a misguided approach of the anion to the protein surface.

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Abbreviations

HSQC:

Heteronuclear single quantum coherence

MU:

Mercaptoundecanol

MUA:

Mercaptoundecanoic acid

XOD:

Xanthine oxidase

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Bio-NMR project (European FP7 Collaborative Project and Coordination – Support Action, contract no. 261863) for access to the NMR instrumentation. The WeNMR project (European FP7 e-Infrastructure grant, contract no. 261572, http://www.wenmr.eu), supported by the national GRID Initiatives of Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands (via the Dutch BiG Grid project), Portugal, Spain, the UK, South Africa, Taiwan, and the Latin America GRID infrastructure via the Gisela project is acknowledged for the use of web portals and computing and storage facilities. The work was also partially supported by the German research association DFG (project LI 706/7-1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biosystems Technology, Wildau University of Applied Sciences, Wildau, Germany

    Franziska Wegerich & Fred Lisdat

  2. CERM, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy

    Andrea Giachetti & Marco Allegrozzi

  3. CERM & Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

    Paola Turano

Authors
  1. Franziska Wegerich
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  2. Andrea Giachetti
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  3. Marco Allegrozzi
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  4. Fred Lisdat
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  5. Paola Turano
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Fred Lisdat or Paola Turano.

Electronic supplementary material

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Supplementary Material available. One-dimensional 1H and 1H-15N HSQC spectra of relevant mutants.

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 519 kb)

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Wegerich, F., Giachetti, A., Allegrozzi, M. et al. Mechanistic insights into the superoxide–cytochrome c reaction by lysine surface scanning. J Biol Inorg Chem 18, 429–440 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-013-0987-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00775-013-0987-3

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