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The effect of the exercise environment and the level of involvement on bone mineral health

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Abstract

Introduction

This study aimed to compare athletes practicing exercise in different environments with non-active young and elderly men and women regarding bone mineral density (BMD), hypothesizing that BMD values differ between athletes according to the environment of exercise practice, but those training in a low-gravitational environment have no different stimuli to BMD increasing if compared with healthy peers experiencing reduced exercise involvement, whatever the age group and sex.

Materials and methods

104 participants of both sexes were selected according to the environment of exercise practice [swimmers (N = 26) and judo fighters (N = 26)], and exercise level of involvement [non-active young (N = 26) and older adults (N = 26)]. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry provided BMD, lean mass, and fat mass (FM) for the whole body (WB), upper (UL), and lower limbs (LL).

Results

For the BMD in WB, UL and LL no effects of group and sex were observed (p > 0.05). Post-hoc analyses detected higher values of BMD in UL for female swimmers compared to non-active older adults (p < 0.05), while judo fighters showed higher BMD in WB, UL, and LL than other participants whatever the sex (p < 0.01). Lower FM was observed for WB, UL, and LL when swimmers and judo fighters were compared to non-active young and older female peers (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

The findings emphasized that BMD stimuli with swimming are reduced when compared to judo, and despite the stimuli in swimming is not distinguishable from that affecting BMD in WB, UL and LL of non-active young, it is effective in differing BMD in UL among non-active older for women.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the last author (dalton.pessoa-filho@unesp.br), upon reasonable request.

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Funding

The authors would like to thank the São Paulo Research Foundation—FAPESP (PROCESS 2016/04544-3) and Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—Brazil (CAPES—Finance Code 001) for the partial financial support. The collaborations of T.A.F.A. and E.A.C were possible thanks to the scholarships granted by CAPES, in the scope of the Program CAPES-PrInt, process number 88887.310463/2018-00, Mobility number 88887.580265/2020-00 and International Cooperation Project number 88887.310796/2018-00 (scholarship number: 88887.572557/2020-00). This research was also funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., Grant/Award Number UIDB/04748/2020.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Programme in Human Development and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, 13506-900, Brazil

    Danilo A. Massini, Nilson D. de Souza Martins, Thiago P. de Oliveira, Anderson G. Macedo, Eliane A. Castro, Tiago A. F. Almeida & Dalton M. Pessôa Filho

  2. University Centre of São Paulo State, UNICEP, Rio Claro, São Paulo, 13500-200, Brazil

    Nilson D. de Souza Martins

  3. Department of Physical Education, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, 17033-360, Brazil

    Eliane A. Castro, Tiago A. F. Almeida & Dalton M. Pessôa Filho

  4. LFE Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain

    Eliane A. Castro

  5. School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, 2914-504, Setúbal, Portugal

    Fernando J. Santos & Mário C. Espada

  6. Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal

    Fernando J. Santos & Mário C. Espada

Authors
  1. Danilo A. Massini
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  2. Nilson D. de Souza Martins
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  3. Thiago P. de Oliveira
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  4. Anderson G. Macedo
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  6. Tiago A. F. Almeida
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  7. Fernando J. Santos
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  8. Mário C. Espada
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  9. Dalton M. Pessôa Filho
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Contributions

Conceptualization, DAM, NDSM, MCE, EAC and DMPF; methodology, DAM, NDSM, AGM, TPO, EAC and DMPF; formal analysis, DAM, NDSM, AGM, TPO, MCE, FJS, EAC and DMPF; investigation, DAM, NDSM, AGM, TAFA, MCE, FJS, EAC and DMPF; supervision, MCE, NDSM, FJS, EAC, and DMPF; data curation, DAM and DMPF; writing—original draft preparation, DAM, AGM, MCE, FJS, DCPF and DMPF; writing—review and editing, DAM, AGM, TPO, MCE, FJS, EAC, and DMPF; visualization, DAM, AGM, TPO, MCE, FJS, EAC and DMPF; funding acquisition, AGM, MCE, FJS, EAC and DMPF. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dalton M. Pessôa Filho.

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

The study considered the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and was duly authorized by the São Paulo State (UNESP) Research Ethics Committee and registered with the National Research Ethics Council (CONEP) under protocol number: CAEE: 70076317.1.0000.5398.

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Informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study.

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Massini, D.A., de Souza Martins, N.D., de Oliveira, T.P. et al. The effect of the exercise environment and the level of involvement on bone mineral health. J Bone Miner Metab 41, 113–123 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-022-01387-7

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