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Amount of smoking, pulmonary function, and bone mineral density in middle-aged Korean men: KNHANES 2008–2011

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Abstract

Smoking induces bone loss; however, data on the relationship between smoking history and bone mineral density (BMD) are lacking. Age and pulmonary function can affect BMD. We investigated the relationships among pack-years (PYs) of smoking, pulmonary function, and BMD in middle-aged Korean men (50–64 years old). This cross-sectional study used data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2011. All participants underwent BMD measurements using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and pulmonary function tests using standardized spirometry. In total, 388 never-smokers and 1088 ever-smokers were analyzed. The number of PYs of smoking was negatively correlated with total hip BMD (r = −0.088; P = 0.004) after adjusting for age, height, and weight. Ever-smokers were classified into 3 groups according to PYs of smoking. The highest tertile (n = 482) exhibited significantly lower total hip bone mass than the lowest tertile (n = 214) after adjusting for confounding factors (age, height, weight, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), alcohol consumption, physical activity, and vitamin D levels) that could affect bone metabolism (P = 0.003). In conclusion, smoking for >30 PYs was significantly associated with low hip BMD after adjusting for pulmonary function in middle-aged Korean men. Long-term smoking may be a risk factor for bone loss in middle-aged men independent of age, height, weight, and pulmonary function.

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Correspondence to Sang Wan Kim.

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There is no conflict of interest to be declared.

Ethical approval

KNHANES was conducted after the ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Approval Number 2008-04EXP-01-C, 2009-01CON-03-2C, 2010-02CON-21-C, 2011-02CON-06C).

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Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.

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Lee, J.H., Hong, A.R., Kim, J.H. et al. Amount of smoking, pulmonary function, and bone mineral density in middle-aged Korean men: KNHANES 2008–2011. J Bone Miner Metab 36, 95–102 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-017-0811-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-017-0811-1

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