Abstract
A simulation of water level, velocity, salinity, and temperature in the Bay of Benoa has been carried out using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic Estuarine and Coastal Ocean Model incorporating a main characteristic of southward transport of the Indonesian throughflow at the offshore area of the bay. In other respects, two types of boundary conditions have been tested: (1) specifying elevation at all boundaries; and (2) implementing a combination of elevation and velocity at the boundaries. Performance of the model results has been quantified in terms of mean absolute errors, root-mean square errors, and correlation coefficients based on the availability of water level and current data. The general agreement between simulated and observed values of water elevation and currents is encouraging. Errors in computed water levels are less than 5 % of the local tidal range, and correlations between the data and model exceed 0.95. Meanwhile, errors and correlations for simulated currents are less than 22 % and are about 0.75, respectively.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Susanto RD, Gordon AL, Sprintall J (2007) Observations and proxies of the surface layer throughflow in Lombok Strait. J Geophys Res 112, C03S92. doi:10.1029/2006JC003790
Gordon AL, Sprintall J, van Aken HM, Susanto RD, Wijffels S, Molcard R, Ffield A, Pranowo W, Wirasantosa S (2010) The Indonesian throughflow during 2004–2006 as observed by the INSTANT program. Dyn Atmos Oceans 50:115–128
Hendrawan G, Nuarsa W, Sandi W, Koropitan AF, Sugimori Y (2005) Numerical calculation for the residual tidal current in Benoa Bay—Bali Island. Int J Remote Sens Earth Sci 2:86–93
Hendrawan GI, Ardana IK (2009) Numerical calculation of phosphate transport in Benoa Bay, Bali. Int J Remote Sens Earth Sci 6:39–45
Blumberg AF, Mellor GL (1987) A description of a three dimensional coastal ocean circulation model. In: Heaps N (ed) Three-dimensional coastal ocean models. Coastal and estuarine sciences, vol 4. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., pp 1–16
Blumberg AF, Khan LA, John JPSt (1999) Three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of New York Harbor Region. J Hydr Engrg, ASCE 125(8):799–816
Blumberg AF, Mellor GL (1980) A coastal ocean numerical model. In: Sundermann J, Holz KP (eds) Proceedings of the international symposium on mathematical modelling of estuarine physics. Springer, Berlin, pp 202–219
Blumberg AF, Goodrich DM (1990) Modeling of wind-induced destratification in Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries 13(3):236–249
Blumberg AF, Galperin B (1990) On the summer circulation in New York Bight and contiguous estuarine waters. Coastal and Estuarine Studies. In: Cheng DT (ed) Residual currents and long-term transport, vol 38. Springer, New York, pp 451–68
Galperin B, Mellor GL (1990) Time-dependent, three-dimensional model of the Delaware Bay and River system. Part 1: description of the model and tidal analysis. Estuarine Coast Shelf Sci 31:231–253
Ezer T, Mellor GL (1992) A numerical study of the variability and the separation of the Gulf Stream, induced by surface atmosphere forcing and lateral boundary. J Phys Oceanogr 22:660–682
Blumberg AF, Signell RP, Jenter HL (1993) Modeling transport processes in the coastal ocean. J Marine Environ Eng 1:3–52
Chen C, Beardsley RC (1995) A numerical study of stratified tidal rectification over finite amplitude banks. J Phys Oceanogr 25:2090–2128
Allen JS, Newberger PA, Federiuk J (1995) Upwelling circulation on the Oregon continental shelf. J Phys Oceanogr 35:1843–1889
Vinogradova N, Vinogradov S, Nechaev D, Kamenkovich V, Blumberg AF, Ahsan Q, Li H (2005) Evaluation of the northern Gulf of Mexico littoral initiative model based on the observed temperature and salinity in the Mississippi Bight. Marine Tech Soc J 39(2):25–38
Zuo Z, Yang Y, Mu L, Zhang S, Du L (2011) Numerical simulation of extreme water level of multiyear return period in the Bohai Sea. Proceedings of the twenty-first (2011) international offshore and polar engineering conference, Mau, Hawaii, USA. ISBN 978-1-880653-96-8. ISSN 1098-6189
HydroQual Inc (2002) A primer for ECOMSED. Users Manual, Mahwah, NJ, 07430, USA
Boyer T, Levitus S, Garcia H, Locarnini RA, Stephens C, Antonov J (2005) Objective analyses of annual, seasonal, and monthly temperature and salinity for the world ocean on a 0.25 degrees grid. Int J Climatol 25(7):931–945
WL | Delft Hydraulics (2007) Delft3D-FLOW, Simulation of multi-dimensional hydrodynamic flows and transport phenomena, including sediments. User Manual, Delft, The Netherlands
Kartadikaria AR, Miyazawa Y, Varlamov SM, Nadaoka K (2011) Ocean circulation for the Indonesian seas driven by tides and atmospheric forcings: comparison to observational data. J Geophys Res 116:C09009. doi:10.1029/2011JC007196
Kamenkovich VM, Burnett WH, Gordon AL, Mellor GL (2003) The Pacific/Indian Ocean pressure difference and its influence on the Indonesian Seas circulation: Part II—The study with specified sea-surface heights. J Marine Res 61:613–634
Padman L, Erofeeva S (2005) Tide model driver (TMD). Manual, Earth & Space Research
Reid RO, Bodine RO (1968) Numerical model for storm surges in Galveston Bay. J Waterway Harbour Div 94(WWI):33–57
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Hydro-Oceanographic division of the Indonesian Navy (DISHIDROS TNI-AL) for providing data validation for this work. We also gratefully acknowledge the Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC) at Hiroshima University, Japan, for making the writing of this paper accomplished.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Ningsih, N.S., Azhar, M.A. Modelling of hydrodynamic circulation in Benoa Bay, Bali. J Mar Sci Technol 18, 203–212 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-012-0195-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-012-0195-9