Abstract
To reduce the area on deck occupied by each car and the labour and time required for lashing and unlashing cars, it has been proposed by the author that in some conditions, cars on decks could be transported without lashing. To evaluate cargo securing based on this “lashing-free” concept, computational code was developed to calculate the vehicle–deck interactions for various ship motions. The code was structured by incorporating a vehicle model into a piece of ship motion calculation code. A series of time-domain simulations were conducted to evaluate vehicle securing. It was found that for a target ship consisting of a 6000-unit Ro-Ro vessel, vehicle securing is mainly influenced by the ship's rolling motions and is highly dependent on the wave height and loading conditions. It was suggested from the analysis that vehicles could be secured without being lashed in a large area of the ship in specific weather conditions and on some routes with less adverse sea states. However, it is still suggested that conventional lashing holes should be constructed on the deck because in severe sea states the cars will still need to be lashed. The limitations of the current investigations are also presented.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
SR Turnbull (2000) ArticleTitleRoll-on/roll-off semi-trailer models: a comparison of results J Mar Sci Technol 5 101–106 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s007730070006
C Murer (1983) ArticleTitleSafety of Ro-Ro ships. A discussion of possible measures and actions Det Norske Veritas 81 103
DS Aldwinckle (1990) Review of the shipping record. Safety at sea and in the air The Royal Aeronautical Society Conference London, UK
Sjöbris A, Rydbergh T (1998) Can high-frequency/high-speed Ro-Ro ferry operations give better service and still be cost competitive? In: Proceedings of the 14th unternational conference and exhibition on through transport using Roll-on/Roll-off methods, Gothenburg, Sweden
Galloway A (1981) Ro-Ros: the problem areas. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on marine transport using Roll-on/Roll-off methods, Hamburg, Germany, p 265
Stenberg JV (1981) Cargo-securing onboard ro-ro ships. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on marine transport using Roll-on/Roll-off methods, Hamburg, Germany, pp 281–285
Felding SE (1981) IMCO statement and general discussion on ro-ro safety. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on marine transport using Roll-on/Roll-off methods, Hamburg, Germany, p 321
Andersson P (1986) Optimum safety factors for securing of cargo onboard ships; the latest findings and experience of reliability of different types of securing equipment. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on marine transport using Roll-on/Roll-off methods, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp 219–228
Dallinga RP (1994) Safe securing of trailers and deck cargo. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference and exhibition on marine transport using Roll-on/Roll-off methods, Gothenburg, Sweden
SR Turnbull (1997) ArticleTitleThe securing of rigid semi-trailers on roll-on/roll-off ships Int J Mech Sci 39 1–14 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0020-7403(96)00021-5
SR Turnbull (1999) ArticleTitleThe dynamic behaviour of flexible semi-trailers on board Ro-Ro ships Int J Mech Sci 41 1447–1460 Occurrence Handle0941.70509 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0020-7403(98)00106-4
Mora A (1999) Modelling and analysis of a car lashed on a ship deck. Internal report. Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sternsson M (2001) Statistical study of lashing forces and encountered wave height. Licentiate thesis, Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
J Jia A Ulfvarson (2004) ArticleTitleA parametric study for the struc-tural behaviour of a lightweight deck J Eng Struct 26 963–977 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.03.001
J Jia A Ulfvarson (2005) ArticleTitleStructural behaviour of a high-tensile-steel deck using trapezoidal stiffeners and dynamics of vehicle–deck interactions Mar Struct 18 1–24 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.marstruc.2005.08.003
Jia J (2004) Structural behaviour of lightweight deck structures and dynamics of vehicle-deck interactions. Chalmers University of Technology, Report R-04:83, Gothenburg, Sweden
J Matusiak (2000) ArticleTitleDynamics of cargo shift onboard a ship in irregular beam waves Int Shipbuild Progr 47 IssueID449 77–93
Englund A (2000) Evaluating the influence from operational restrictions on the risk of cargo shifting. Royal Institute of Technology, MSc Thesis, Stockholm, Sweden
J Hua (1996) ArticleTitleA probabilistic study of simultaneous effect of ship motions on the cargo shifting onboard Mar Technol 33 25–34
A Ryrfeldt (2004) ArticleTitleA study on the influence of ship roll characteristics on the risk of cargo shifting J Mar Technol 41 51–59
Ryrfeldt A (2003) Probabilistic assessment of the risk of cargo shifting onboard ships in waves. Doctoral Thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
L Balcer (2004) ArticleTitleLocation of ship rolling axis Polish Marit Res 1 3–7
Hua J (1995) On the dynamic stability of ro-ro ships. Royal Institute of Technology, Report 9549, Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, Sweden
J Jia A Ulfvarson (2006) ArticleTitleThe friction between car tyres and decks under ship motions J Mar Technol (SNAME) 43 27–39
J Jia A Ulfvarson (2006) ArticleTitleDynamic analysis of vehicle–deck interactions J Ocean Eng 33 1765–1795 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.oceaneng.2005.10.012
InstitutionalAuthorNameInternational Maritime Organization (2003) Code of safe practice for cargo stowage and securing IMO Geneva 27
DW Lang K Lindemann (1997) Deck cargo transporters; design considerations to minimize the inertia loads Det Norske Veritas report, DNV Oslo
InstitutionalAuthorNameLloyd ARJM (1998) Seakeeping; ship behaviour in rough weather ARJM Lloyd Sussex, UK
Pedersen T (2000) Wave load prediction; a design tool. Doctoral Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
OM Faltinsen (1990) Sea loads on ships and offshore structures Cambridge University Press Cambridge
N Fonseca CG Soares (2004) ArticleTitleExperimental investigation of nonlinear effects on the statistics of vertical motions and loads of a containership in irregular waves J Ship Res 48 148–167
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
The relevant research work was carried out at the Division of Ship Design and Engineering, Department of Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of Technology.
About this article
Cite this article
Jia, J. Investigations of vehicle securing without lashings for Ro-Ro ships. J Mar Sci Technol 12, 43–57 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-006-0240-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-006-0240-7