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Diagnostische Aspekte der Vaskulitis

Die Sicht aus der Pathologie

Diagnostic aspects of vasculitis

The pathologist’s viewpoint

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Zusammenfassung

Die frühe Diagnose und Behandlung einer Vaskulitis ist entscheidend, um schwere, lebensalterierende oder -bedrohliche Komplikation zu vermeiden, insbesondere bei Vaskulitiden, die primär vitale Strukturen wie die Aorta oder Blutgefäße befallen, die wichtige Organe versorgen, wie zum Beispiel die Temporalarterie und ihre Abgänge. Die Anamnese und klinische Präsentation können den Kliniker dazu leiten, zusätzliche Untersuchungen durchzuführen, um die Diagnose der Vaskulitis zu bestätigen. Die histopathologische Untersuchung wird immer noch als „Goldstandard“ in der Vaskulitisdiagnostik angesehen. Obwohl der positive prädiktive Wert im Allgemeinen hoch ist, schließt ein negatives Resultat in der Biopsie noch keineswegs eine Vaskulitis zuverlässig aus. Die Entzündung der befallenen Blutgefäße ist oft sowohl räumlich als auch zeitlich heterogen. Die Spezifität der Biopsie wird dabei häufig durch viele Faktoren beeinflusst – so zum Beispiel die Biopsiegröße beziehungsweise Länge des befallenen Gefäßes oder die Expertise des Chirurgen sowie des Pathologen, der die Biopsie interpretiert. Zudem können störende Faktoren, wie vorangegangene Therapien, Atherosklerose und andere nicht vaskulitische Gefäßveränderungen die Korrektheit der Diagnose beeinflussen. Es ist deshalb essenziell, dass alle Personen, die an die Behandlung des Patienten beteiligt sind – sowohl der Chirurg als auch der Internist und Pathologe – eng miteinander kollaborieren, um eine optimale Behandlung zu garantieren. Des Weiteren ist eine kontinuierliche Fortbildung („continuous medical education“) der in der Behandlung des Patienten mit Vaskulitis involvierten Ärzten sowie des technischen Personals unerlässlich. Zukünftige diagnostische Fortschritte sollten in den kommenden Jahren berücksichtigt werden. So zum Beispiel die Bestimmung sog. Biomarker, um die Patientenbetreuung optimieren und individualisieren zu können.

Abstract

Early diagnosis and treatment of vasculitis, in particular vasculitis primarily affecting vital structures, such as the aorta or blood vessels supplying important organs, such as the temporal artery and its branches, are essential to avoid severe, life-altering complications or possibly even death. The patient history and clinical presentation can guide the physician to perform additional tests to confirm the diagnosis of vasculitis. Histopathological examination is still considered the gold standard in the diagnostics of vasculitis. Although the positive predictive value is generally high, a negative biopsy result does not reliably exclude the absence of vasculitis. Inflammation of the affected blood vessel or organ system is often heterogeneous in its spatial as well as temporal distribution. The specificity of the biopsy is often influenced by many factors including biopsy size and length of the affected vessel, the expertise of the surgeon and of the pathologist interpreting the biopsy. Furthermore, other confounding factors, such as prior treatment, atherosclerosis or other non-vasculitic diseases of the blood vessels may hamper the correct diagnosis. It is therefore essential that all persons involved in treating the patient, the surgeon, physician and pathologist, closely collaborate to ensure an optimal management. In addition, continuous medical education of those involved in the treatment of a patient with vasculitis is indispensable to ensure that adequately trained physicians and technicians participate in the treatment. Future diagnostic advances should be considered in the years to come, possibly also including determination of so-called biomarkers in order to optimize and personalize patient care.

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Correspondence to Y. Banz.

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Y. Banz gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine vom Autor durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Banz, Y. Diagnostische Aspekte der Vaskulitis. Gefässchirurgie 24, 114–118 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-019-0504-2

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