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Stenting bei chronischer Beckenvenenobstruktion

Ist der Aufwand gerechtfertigt?

Stenting of chronic iliac vein occlusion

Is the effort justified?

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Zusammenfassung

Die interventionelle Rekanalisation postthrombotisch okkludierter und nichtthrombotisch obstruierter Beckenvenen wird seit etwa 20 Jahren durchgeführt. Wurden anfangs Geräte verwendet, die aus der Behandlung der arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit stammten, haben verschiedene Hersteller in den vergangenen Jahren Stents entwickelt, die mit höherer Radialkraft und verbesserter Flexibilität den speziellen Anforderungen der Behandlung im venösen System gerecht werden. Die technologischen Innovationen konnten eine deutliche Erhöhung der Offenheitsraten nach der Dilatation unter Beweis stellen. Zahlreiche Studien liegen vor, die eine klinische Verbesserung in Bezug auf die Schmerz- und Ödemausprägung sowie die Abheilung venöser Ulzera bei geringen Komplikationsraten nach Stenting chronischer Beckenvenenokklusionen belegen. Amerikanische Leitlinien empfehlen die endovenöse Stentimplantation bei der primären und postthrombotischen Beckenvenenobstruktion in den CEAP-Stadien C3–C6 mit einem Empfehlungsgrad IB. Die Offenheitsrate ist von der technischen Ausführung der Prozedur abhängig. Prinzipiell ist es für einen nachhaltigen Behandlungserfolg erforderlich, dass beide Enden des verwendeten Stents in gesunden Venensegmenten platziert werden können. Daraus leitet sich ab, dass die Zielgruppe für eine perkutane transluminale Angioplastie der Venen beschränkt ist auf Patienten, die unter einem postthrombotischen Syndrom (PTS) infolge einer isolierten Thrombose des tiefvenösen Segments von der distalen V. cava inferior bis zum Leistenband leiden sowie auf Patienten mit nichtthrombotischen Kompressionssyndromen. Betrachtet man die zur Verfügung stehenden epidemiologischen Daten zum PTS, so ist zu erwarten, dass es sich um ein relativ kleines Patientenkollektiv handelt, das von einer interventionellen Rekanalisation profitiert. Realworld-Registerdaten bestätigen dies.

Abstract

Interventional recanalization has been conducted on post-thrombotically obstructed and non-thrombotically obstructed iliac veins for around 20 years. The initial devices were designed to treat occlusive arterial diseases. Since then, manufacturers have developed stents with a higher radial force and better flexibility to meet the special requirements of treating the venous system. This technological innovation has significantly increased patency rates after dilatation. Numerous studies have shown that the stenting of chronic iliac vein occlusions results in clinical improvements in pain and edema levels and helps to heal venous ulcers with low complication rates. American guidelines recommend endovenous stent implants for primary and post-thrombotic iliac vein obstruction at CEAP stages C3–C6 (recommendation level IB). The patency rate depends on the technical execution of the procedure. In principal, both ends of the stent need to be placed in healthy vein segments to ensure long-term treatment success. This means that the target group for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the veins is limited to patients suffering from post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) following isolated deep vein thrombosis from the distal inferior vena cava to the inguinal ligament, and patients with non-thrombotic compression syndromes. Current epidemiological data on PTS indicate that the patient cohort profiting from interventional recanalization is relatively small. Real-world register data confirm this.

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Hirsch, T. Stenting bei chronischer Beckenvenenobstruktion. Gefässchirurgie 23, 231–238 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-018-0392-x

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