Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Arteriosklerotische Nierenarterienstenosen (NAST) sind oft mit einer arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit vom aortoiliakalen Typ assoziiert und führen in der Regel zu einer Verschlechterung der Blutdruckeinstellung, Beeinträchtigung der Nierenfunktion und myokardialer Dysfunktion. Seit Einführung der Stentimplantation hat die Angioplastie die Gefäßchirurgie als revaskularisierende Therapie der Wahl weitgehend abgelöst. Der Nutzen revaskularisierender Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Blutdruckkontrolle und der Nierenfunktion ist seit Publikation randomisierter Studien (STAR, ASTRAL und CORAL) umstritten.
Ziel der Übersicht
Die Übersichtsarbeit fasst die Klinik der NAST und die Technik der Katheterrevaskularisation zusammen und analysiert kritisch die aktuelle Studienlage.
Methoden
In einer PubMed Datenbankrecherche wurden die relevanten Publikationen zum Thema „endovaskuläre Behandlung der Nierenarterienstenose“ identifiziert und zusammen mit eigenen klinisch-wissenschaftlichen Erfahrungen diskutiert.
Ergebnisse
Aufgrund der methodischen Mängel im Studiendesign lassen sich die Ergebnisse dieser Studien nur auf einen sehr begrenzten Teil betroffener Patienten übertragen (Selektionsbias). Der klinische Nutzen einer Revaskularisation hängt von der korrekten Indikationsstellung ab, wesentlich dabei ist der Nachweis der hämodynamischen Relevanz einer NAST durch die Duplexsonographie oder Druckgradientenmessung. Klinische Erfolgsprädiktoren werden bei der Therapieentscheidung zu selten beachtet. Diese umfassen u. a. Pulsdruck < 50 ± 10 mmHg, hoher diastolischer Blutdruck, hoher BNP-Spiegel und eine Nierenfunktionsstörung. In den internationalen Leitlinien unbestritten ist die Indikation zur Revaskularisation hämodynamisch relevanter NAST bei funktioneller Einzelniere, bilateralen signifikanten Stenosen, therapieresistenter Hypertonie, progressiver Verschlechterung der Nierenfunktion und jeder Form einer relevanten Stenose nicht arteriosklerotischer Genese (z. B. fibromuskulärer Dysplasie).
Schlussfolgerungen
Bei richtiger Indikationsstellung kann durch die endovaskuläre Therapie der NAST eine klinische Verbesserung erzielt werden. Methodisch einwandfreie Studien sind nach wie vor ausstehend.
Abstract
Background
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenoses (RAS) are often associated with an aortoiliac type of peripheral occlusive artery disease and may result in deterioration of blood pressure control, renal and myocardial dysfunction. Stenting of RAS has almost replaced surgical revascularization; however, the clinical benefit of endovascular treatment of RAS was challenged by the results of recent randomized controlled trials (STAR, ASTRAL and CORAL) demonstrating similar outcomes for revascularization and conservative treatment.
Aim
This review summarizes the current knowledge about the clinical presentation and the endovascular treatment of RAS and critically discusses the currently published evidence.
Methods
Relevant publications on the specific topic of endovascular treatment of RAS were identified in a PubMed database search and are discussed in the light of own clinical scientific experience.
Results
Due to severe limitations in trial design and high patient selection, the published randomized controlled study results, which are considered as level 1 evidence, can only be applied to a small proportion of the affected patient population. The clinical benefit of renal stenting is only likely if the indications for revascularization were correct, in particular if the hemodynamic relevance of the lesion was verified by either duplex ultrasound or pressure gradient measurement. Clinical predictors for treatment success, such as pulse pressure < 50 ± 10 mmHg, high diastolic blood pressure, elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and renal insufficiency are often not sufficiently considered in the decision-making process. Unquestioned by international guidelines are the indications for revascularization of atherosclerotic RAS of a single functioning kidney, severe bilateral lesions, resistant hypertension, deterioration of renal function and in every kind of significant RAS of a non-atherosclerotic nature.
Conclusion
Under the condition of an appropriate patient selection, endovascular therapy of RAS results in clinical improvements. Studies with appropriate design and methodology are still lacking.
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Zeller, T. Endovaskuläre Therapie der Nierenarterienstenose (NAST). Gefässchirurgie 20, 119–126 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-015-0004-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-015-0004-y