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Endovaskuläre Behandlung akuter und chronischer Beckenvenenverschlüsse

Endovascular treatment of venous occlusive disease

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Zusammenfassung

Offene Operationen wie die Thrombektomie oder die venöse Bypasschirurgie waren in der Vergangenheit die Verfahren der Wahl zur Behandlung von akuten und chronischen Beckenvenenverschlüssen. Nach der Einführung endovaskulärer Techniken in den 1990er Jahren sind diese offenen Verfahren in vielen internationalen Zentren von den perkutanen Interventionen verdrängt worden. Die präoperative Diagnostik mit CT- oder MR-Phlebographie ist heute ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Behandlungsplanung, auch wenn die venöse Angiographie des betroffenen Gefäßsegments weiterhin das aussagekräftigste Verfahren ist. Die kathetergesteuerte Thrombolyse mit Rekanalisierung und Stentung der ursächlichen chronischen Obstruktionen kann heute als Verfahren der Wahl zur Behandlung akuter Beckenvenenthrombosen angesehen werden, da die konservative Behandlung zwar einer Thrombusprogression und Lungenembolie vorbeugen kann, aber keine befriedigenden Ergebnisse bei der Prophylaxe des postthrombotischen Syndroms erzielt. Die Rekanalisierung chronischer Beckenvenenverschlüsse kann einen normalen antegraden Fluss in den Beckenvenen wiederherstellen und so bei der Mehrzahl der betroffenen Patienten eine deutliche Linderung der klinischen Symptome bewirken.

Abstract

In the past, open surgical techniques such as thrombectomy and bypasses were the treatments of choice for acute and chronic venous occlusive disease of the iliocaval vein segments, but the results were often disappointing. With the introduction of endovascular techniques in the 1990s, open techniques were widely replaced by endovascular interventions. Proper preoperative imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance phlebography has become an important part of procedure planning, but phlebography by direct puncture with contrast injection in the immediate proximity of the iliofemoral segment is still the most informative diagnostic method. Catheter-directed thrombolysis with recanalization and stenting of underlying chronic obstructions is becoming the treatment of choice for patients with acute iliofemoral thrombosis, as conservative treatment is not satisfactory for preventing postthrombotic syndrome. Recanalization of chronic iliac vein occlusions with balloon angioplasty and stenting can reestablish normal venous flow in the iliac veins and inferior vena cava and relieve symptoms in the majority of treated patients. New treatment modalities offer stimulating options for patients not treated adequately either by medical or open surgical therapy.

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Correspondence to T. Kölbel MD, PhD.

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Kölbel, T., Lindh, M., Åkesson, M. et al. Endovaskuläre Behandlung akuter und chronischer Beckenvenenverschlüsse. Gefässchirurgie 14, 292–300 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-008-0667-8

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