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Konditionierung von Ischämie/Reperfusion-Phänomenen

Eine ungenutzte Chance in der Gefäßchirurgie?

Conditioning of ischemia/reperfusion phenomena

An unused chance in vascular surgery?

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Zusammenfassung

Rekonstruktionen im thorakoabdominalen Abschnitt der Aorta ziehen mehr oder weniger akzentuierte Ischämie/Reperfusion-Sequenzen nach sich. Deren Folgen sind bestenfalls eine vorübergehende Funktionsstörung des abhängigen Gefäßabschnitts. Klinischer Alltag bei diesen ausgedehnten Eingriffen ist die Induktion einer systemischen Inflammation. Im Extremfall kann es zu einem dauerhaften Funktionsverlust eines oder mehrerer Organe kommen. Neben individuellen Konditionen ist die Ausprägung dieser Sequenz in hohem Masse zeitabhängig. Die aus klinischer Sicht empfindlichsten Organe scheinen hier Neurone und tubuläre Nierenzellen zu sein. Diese Zusammenhänge führten zu unterschiedlichsten perioperativen Maßnahmen. Die grundlegende Strategie ist hier entweder die Ischämie/Reperfusion zu vermeiden (z. B. arterioarterieller Shunt, extrakorporaler Kreislauf) oder abzukürzen (z. B. „branched“ Stentgraft, Hybridverfahren, Vortex, Clamp-repair mit sequenzieller Ausklemmung).

Betrachtet man allein die deutschsprachigen Beiträge der letzten Jahrestagungen der Gefäßchirurgie in Bern 2007 und Dresden 2008, so könnte das Vorgehen in den einzelnen Kliniken uneinheitlicher nicht sein. Diese geringe Standardisierung weißt möglicherweise darauf hin, dass das Problem „zu multifaktoriell“ ist und/oder wesentliche Aspekte in der Pathophysiologie nicht ausreichend erfasst werden.

Gewebehypoxie und Funktionsverlust sind klassische Folgen unterschiedlicher Schockformen (Polytrauma, septischer Schock, Hämorrhagie). Der entscheidende Unterschied zur Ischämie/Reperfusion-Sequenz in der Gefäßchirurgie ist jedoch, dass das auslösende Moment zeitlich genau zu terminieren ist. Daraus ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, regulierend in dieses Geschehen einzugreifen, wenn es in seinem Ablauf verstanden wird. Ohne diese Idee der Konditionierung wäre die moderne Transplantationsmedizin nicht möglich. Hier hat die therapeutische Beeinflussung der Ischämie/Reperfusion-Phänomene zentrale Bedeutung.

Die Therapie der Erkrankungen der Aorta ist eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung. Daher erfolgte 1999 an der Universität Ulm die Gründung einer Arbeitsgruppe aus Anästhesisten und Gefäßchirurgen, mit dem Ziel, die Pathophysiologie und Therapie der Ischämie/Reperfusion-Phänomäne systematisch zu erforschen. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt einen Teil der bisher geleisteten Arbeit, um einen Ausblick auf zukünftige Projekte zu gewähren.

Abstract

Reconstructions in the thoraco-abdominal section of the aorta are nearly always accompanied by accentuated ischemia and reperfusion sequences to varying degrees. The consequences are at best a temporary functional disturbance of the affected section. The normal clinical result of these extensive operations is induction of systemic inflammation, which in extreme cases can result in permanent loss of function of one or more organs. In addition to individual-specific conditions the extent of this sequence is highly time-dependent. The most sensitive organs from a clinical point of view seem to be neurons and renal tubules. These relationships have led to very different operative measures. The basic strategy is either to avoid ischemia/reperfusion (e.g. arterio-arterial shunt, extracorporeal circulation) or to shorten (e.g. branched stent graft, hybrid procedures, vortex, clamp repair with sequential clamping). If only the articles in German from the last two congresses on vascular surgery in Bern 2007 and Dresden 2008 are taken into consideration, the approaches of the individual hospitals could not be more inconsistent. This low level of standardization possibly indicates that the problem is too multifactorial and/or that essential aspects of the pathophysiology have not been sufficiently considered.

Tissue hypoxia and loss of function are classical consequences of various forms of shock (e.g. multiple trauma, septic shock, hemorrhaging). The deciding difference to an ischemia/reperfusion sequence in vascular surgery is, however, that the trigger moment in time can be exactly determined. From this the possibility arises to intervene in this event if its course has been comprehended. Without this concept of conditioning modern transplantation medicine would not be possible. In this situation the therapeutic influence on ischemia/reperfusion phenomena is of pivotal significance.

Treatment of diseases of the aorta is an interdisciplinary challenge. For this reason a working group of anesthetists and vascular surgeons was founded at the University of Ulm in 1999 in order to systematically carry out research on the pathophysiology and therapy of ischemia/reperfusion phenomena. This article presents part of the work already achieved to allow a perspective on future projects.

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Danksagung

Die Forschung der Ulmer Arbeitsgruppe Ischämie/Reperfusion in der Aortenchirurgie wird unterstützt durch die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gefässchirurgie sowie die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHE 899/ 2-1; SCHE 899/2-2; SCHE 899/ 2–3)

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Correspondence to H. Schelzig.

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F. Simon und E. Jäger haben zu gleichen Anteilen zu dem Manuskript beigetragen.

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Simon, F., Jäger, E., Radermacher, P. et al. Konditionierung von Ischämie/Reperfusion-Phänomenen. Gefässchirurgie 14, 16–23 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-008-0654-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-008-0654-0

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