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Arterielle Rekonstruktion zum Extremitätenerhalt bei Dialysepatienten

Arterial reconstruction for limb salvage in dialysis patients

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Zusammenfassung

Einleitung

Dialysepatienten sind häufig von einer schweren extremitätenbedrohenden arteriellen Verschlusskrankheit (pAVK) betroffen. Die gefäßrekonstruktive Behandlung dieser zumeist schwerkranken Patienten mit reduzierter Lebenserwartung stellt eine konzeptionelle und technische Herausforderung dar. Zur Einschätzung der gefäßchirurgischen Vorgehensweise und aufgrund einer begrenzten Datenlage wurde das eigene Patientengut analysiert. Wir berichten über die Prognose, den Gliedmaßenerhalt, die Morbidität und Letalität in dieser selektiven Hochrisikogruppe.

Patienten und Methoden

Eingeschlossen wurden 36 konsekutive Dialysepatienten, die wegen 50 amputationsgefährdeten unteren Extremitäten (pAVK Stadium III und IV) stationär im Zeitraum von 1999 bis 2001 behandelt wurden. Gefäßrekonstruktive Maßnahmen umfassten die Bypassanlage, Endarteriektomie und endovaskuläre Eingriffe (Angioplastie mit/ohne Stenteinlage, Thrombektomie und Lyse). Die Nachbeobachtung erfolgte in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Nephrologen, dem Hausarzt oder über die gefäßchirurgische Spezialsprechstunde. Die Datenanalyse erfolgte computergestützt (SAS®), und die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeiten wurden nach Kaplan-Meier geschätzt.

Ergebnisse

Ursachen der terminalen Niereninsuffizienz waren vornehmlich diabetische, glomerulonephritische und polyzystische Nierenerkrankungen. 64% der Patienten wiesen einen Diabetes mellitus auf. Die Letalität der extremitätenerhaltenden Behandlung lag bei 11%. Die Morbiditäts- und Reoperationsraten betrugen 32% und 18%. Die mediane Nachbeobachtungszeit lag bei 27 Monaten (interquartiler Bereich, 17–34 Monate). Das kumulative 1- und 2-Jahres-Überleben betrug 66% und 44%. 13 Majoramputationen wurden im Verlauf durchgeführt. Der kumulative 1- und 2-Jahres-Extremitätenerhalt betrug 77% und 65%. Die unter Beobachtung befindlichen Patienten wiesen eine Extremitätenerhaltungsrate von insgesamt 82% auf. Bei den unter Beobachtung verstorbenen Patienten lag der Extremitätenerhalt bei 63%.

Schlussfolgerung

Die periphere arterielle Gefäßrekonstruktion (chirurgisch, endovaskulär oder kombiniert) ist mit einer vertretbaren Morbidität und einer erkrankungsspezifisch erhöhten Letalität beim Dialysepatienten mit extremitätenbedrohender pAVK durchführbar. Bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten kann eine Majoramputation vermieden werden. Mit Hinblick auf die Letalität der primären Amputation verdeutlichen die eigenen Ergebnisse den hohen Stellenwert der arteriellen Rekonstruktion beim Dialysepatienten mit extremitätenbedrohender pAVK.

Abstract

Introduction

Patients undergoing dialysis often experience severe limb-threatening peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). The treatment of these high-risk patients with reduced life expectancy is a conceptional and technical challenge. To evaluate the clinical management and in view of the restricted number of available clinical studies, we analyzed our own patients. Here, we report on prognosis, limb salvage rate, morbidity, and mortality in this selective high-risk group of patients.

Patients and methods

Thirty-six consecutive dialysis patients with limb-threatening peripheral vascular disease in 50 lower extremities (PAOD stages III and IV) were treated after admission by arterial reconstruction between 1999 and 2001. Arterial reconstruction included bypass grafting, endarterectomy, and endovascular intervention (angioplasty with/without stent placement, thrombectomy, and lysis). The follow-up data were gathered in cooperation with the nephrologist, family physician, and via our outpatient clinic. Data analysis was performed by computer (SAS®) and life table analyses were estimated according to the method of Kaplan-Meier.

Results

Causes for renal insufficiency were mainly diabetes, glomerulonephritis, and polycystic renal disease. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 64% of the cases. The rates for hospital mortality, morbidity, and reoperation were 11, 32, and 18%, respectively. The median follow-up was 27 months (interquartile range: 17–34 months). The cumulative 1- and 2-year survival rates were 66 and 44%, respectively. During follow-up 13 limbs required major amputation. The cumulative 1- and 2-year limb salvage rates were 77 and 65%, respectively. In total 82% of the surviving patients and 63% of those who died during observation preserved the function of their lower extremities.

Conclusion

Peripheral arterial reconstruction (surgical, endovascular, or combined) can be performed with an acceptable morbidity and a disease-specific increased mortality in dialysis patients with limb-threatening PAOD. In most of the patients major amputation can be avoided. In the light of the high mortality of major amputation, our results underline the importance of peripheral vascular reconstruction in patients on dialysis for limb salvage.

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Schwarzbach, M.H.M., Böckler, D., Hergesell, O. et al. Arterielle Rekonstruktion zum Extremitätenerhalt bei Dialysepatienten. Gefässchirurgie 9, 209–214 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-004-0352-5

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