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Komplementäre Medizin und Prävention

Von Ernährung über Nahrungsergänzungsmittel zu körperlicher Aktivität

Complementary medicine and prevention

From nutrition and nutritional supplements to physical activity

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Der Onkologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die Auswirkungen von Lebensstilfaktoren wie körperliche Aktivität und Ernährung auf Entstehung und Verlauf von Krebs ist seit über 60 Jahren Gegenstand klinischer und epidemiologischer Forschung. Obwohl viele Fragen noch offen bleiben, ermöglichen aktuelle Studien evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen für die primäre und tertiäre Krebsprävention.

Methoden

Im Rahmen einer Literaturrecherche wurden Übersichtsarbeiten zum Einfluss von körperlicher Aktivität und Ernährung auf Krebs sowie Studien zu aktuellen Entwicklungen in diesen Themengebieten identifiziert.

Ergebnisse

Körperliche Aktivität trägt zur primären Prävention von Kolonkarzinomen, postmenopausalem Brustkrebs und Endometriumkarzinomen bei. Der vermehrte Verzehr von rotem Fleisch und verarbeiteten Fleischprodukten ist mit einer Erhöhung des Krebsrisikos assoziiert. Eine obst-, gemüse- und ballaststoffreiche Ernährung hängt demgegenüber mit einer Senkung des Krebsrisikos zusammen. Körperliche Aktivität kann während jeder Therapiephase unter Berücksichtigung der individuellen Probleme durchgeführt werden. Studienergebnisse berichten von verbesserter Leistungsfähigkeit und Lebensqualität, einer Verminderung von therapieassoziierten Nebenwirkungen sowie Senkung des Rezidivrisikos durch eine körperliche Aktivität.

Schlussfolgerungen

Evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zur Krebsprävention durch körperliche Aktivität und Ernährung sollen in die Behandlung von onkologischen Patienten und in die Versorgung der Allgemeinbevölkerung integriert werden. Innovative Programme wie „Jetzt aktiv!“, die kompetente Beratung bezüglich Ernährung und körperlicher Aktivität nach einer Krebserkrankung anbieten, werden an Krebsberatungsstellen entwickelt und erfolgreich eingesetzt.

Abstract

Background

The influence of lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and nutrition, in the development and progression of cancer has been the subject of clinical and epidemiological research for more than 60 years. Although many questions remain unanswered, recent studies allow evidence-based recommendations for primary and tertiary cancer prevention.

Methods

A literature search was conducted to identify comprehensive reviews on the effects of physical activity and nutrition on cancer as well as recent studies covering current developments in these fields.

Results

Physical activity contributes to the primary prevention of cancer of the colon, postmenopausal breast cancer in women and endometrial cancer. High consumption of red and processed meats is associated with an increased risk of cancer, whereas diets rich in fruits, vegetables and fiber are associated with a decreased risk of cancer. Under consideration of the individual situation, physical activity can be applied during every phase of cancer therapy. Studies report improved performance and quality of life, reduced therapy-associated side effects and lowered risk of recurrence through physical activity.

Conclusions

Evidence-based recommendations on cancer prevention through physical activity and nutrition should be integrated into treatment plans for oncology patients as well as in health care services for the general population. Innovative programs that provide competent advice on nutrition and physical activity after cancer are being pioneered at cancer information centers such as the “Jetzt aktiv!” program in Bremen and Hamburg.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Krebszentrum Nord, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, Haus 14, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland

    T. Schmidt

  2. Abteilung für Hämato-Onkologie und Palliativmedizin, Onkologisches Zentrum Traunstein, Traunstein, Deutschland

    T. Kubin

  3. Zentrum für Krebsregisterdaten, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Deutschland

    B. Barnes

Authors
  1. T. Schmidt
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  2. T. Kubin
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  3. B. Barnes
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. Schmidt.

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Interessenkonflikt

T. Schmidt, T. Kubin und B. Barnes geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Schmidt, T., Kubin, T. & Barnes, B. Komplementäre Medizin und Prävention. Onkologe 23, 177–184 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-016-0151-0

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