Zusammenfassung
Ernährungsstörungen treten bei Tumorpatienten häufig bereits vor Diagnosestellung auf. Diese Defizite gefährden die Toleranz gegenüber Tumortherapien und schränken die Erkrankungsprognose ein. Ein tumorassoziierter Gewichtsverlust ist auch für Übergewichtige ungünstig, da er oft gerade die vitale Zellmasse betrifft. Eine zentrale Ursache für die Entstehung einer Mangelernährung ist eine tumorassoziierte systemische Inflammationsreaktion. Eine pathophysiologisch orientierte praktikable Diagnostik sollte regelmäßig Gewicht, Appetit, Essmenge und die Akutphasenreaktion erfassen. Veränderungen dieser Parameter werden als praktikable Definitionsmerkmale der kodierbaren zugehörigen DRG-Diagnosen vorgestellt. Eine verbindliche Einigung auf praktikable Definitionen der ernährungsrelevanten Diagnose-Codes liegt jedoch noch nicht vor.
Abstract
Nutritional deficits are frequent in cancer patients even before tumor diagnosis. These deficits increase the toxicity of cancer therapies and impair overall survival. Tumor-associated weight loss also has a negative impact in overweight individuals because of the often pronounced loss in body cell mass. An important cause of malnutrition is a tumor-associated systemic inflammatory response. The diagnostic approach should be simple and practical and follow the underlying pathophysiology; therefore, patients should be monitored regularly for weight, appetite, nutritional intake, and inflammatory response. Abnormalities in these parameters appear to be suited for defining diagnoses within the German DRG system.
Literatur
Allison SP (1992) The uses and limitations of nutritional support. Clin Nutr 11: 319–330
Andreyev HJN, Norman AR, Oates J, Cunningham D (1998) Why do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies? Eur J Cancer 34: 503–509
Arends J, Bodoky G, Bozzetti F et al. DGEM (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährungsmedizin): Zürcher G, Fietkau R, Aulbert E, Frick B, Holm M, Kneba M, Mestrom HJ, Zander A (2006) ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Non-surgical oncology. Clin Nutr 25: 245–259
Bishop CW, Bowen PE, Ritchey SJ (1981) Norms for nutritional assessment of American adults by upper arm anthropometry. Am J Clin Nutr 34: 2530–2539
Cahill GF Jr (2006) Fuel Metabolism in Starvation. Annu Rev Nutr 26: 1–22
Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ (2003) Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 348: 1625–1638
Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420: 860–867
Darwin C (1859) The origin of species by means of natural selection. John Murray, London
Dawkins R (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Deans C, Wigmore SJ (2005) Systemic inflammation, cachexia and prognosis in patients with cancer. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 8: 265–269
Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR, Baker JP et al. (1987) What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 11: 8–13
DeWys WD, Begg C, Lavin PT et al. (1980) Prognostic effect of weight loss prior to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Am J Med 69: 491–497
Fearon KCH, Barber MD, Falconer JS et al. (1999) Pancreatic cancer as a model: inflammatory mediators, acute-phase response, and cancer cachexia. World J Surg 23: 584–588
Kondrup J, Rasmussen HH, Hamberg O, Stanga Z, Ad Hoc ESPEN Working Group (2003) Nutritional risk screening (NRS 2002): a new method based on an analysis of controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr 22: 321–336
Kotler DP, Wang J, Pierson RN (1985) Body composition studies in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 42: 1255–1265
Kotler DP (2000) Cachexia. Ann Intern Med 133: 622–634
Moses AW, Slater C, Preston T et al. (2004) Reduced total energy expenditure and physical activity in cachectic patients with pancreatic cancer can be modulated by an energy and protein dense oral supplement enriched with n-3 fatty acids. Br J Cancer 90: 996–1002
Ravasco P, Monteiro-Grillo I, Vidal PM, Camilo ME (2004) Cancer: disease and nutrition are key determinants of patients‘ quality of life. Support Care Cancer 12: 246–252
Ross PJ, Ashley S, Norton A et al. (2004) Do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancer? Br J Cancer 90: 1905–1911
Springer J, Haehling S von, Anker SD (2006) The need for a standardized definition for cachexia in chronic illness. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2: 416–417
Stratton RJ, King CL, Stroud MA et al. (2006) ‚Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool‘ predicts mortality and length of hospital stay in acutely ill elderly. Br J Nutr 95: 325–330
Interessenkonflikt
Der korrespondierende Autor gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Arends, J. Mangelernährung bei Tumorpatienten. Onkologe 14, 9–14 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-007-1292-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-007-1292-y