Abstract
Candida albicans is considered one of the most important opportunistic fungi due to the large arsenal of virulence factors that help throughout the progress of the infection. In this sense, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) appear as an alternative, with great antifungal action. Among these, aurein 1.2 has been widely explored, becoming the basis for the discovery of new AMPs, such as K-aurein (K-au). Thus, this study evaluated the anti-C. albicans potential of K-au against virulence factors, planktonic growth, and biofilm formation of clinical isolates. Firstly, K-au antifungal activity was determined by the microdilution method and time-kill curve. The inhibition of hydrolytic enzyme secretion (proteinase, phospholipase, and hemolysin) and germ tube formation was tested. Then, the antibiofilm potential of K-au was verified through biomass quantification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All tests were compared with the classical antifungal drug, amphotericin B (AmB). The outcomes showed fungicidal action of K-au at 62.50 µg mL−1 for all isolates, with a time of action around 150–180 min, determined by the time-kill curve. K-au-treated cells decreased by around 40% of the germinative tube compared to the control. Additionally, K-au inhibited the biofilm formation by more than 90% compared to AmB and the control group. SEM images show apparent cellular disaggregation without the formation of filamentous structures. Therefore, the findings suggest a promising anti-C. albicans effect of K-au due to its fungicidal activity against planktonic cells, or its ability to inhibit important virulence factors like germ tube and biofilm formation. Thus, this peptide could be explored as a useful compound against C. albicans-related infection.
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Acknowledgements
The LaBAM team is grateful for the Center for Analytical Microscopy's collaboration with the Federal University of Ceará (UFC) for assistance with SEM images, which improved the manuscript significantly.
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This work was funded by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). Eduardo M. Cilli is the recipient of a Research Productivity Scholarship from the National Council for Research and Development (CNPq) and supported by FAPESP (#2013/07600-3).
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Methodology, data curation, investigation, and writing––first draft: MLS, RMBC, MNC, JAPG. Formal analysis and investigation: ROSF, ENL. Funding acquisition: EMC. Conceptualization, data curation, supervision, and writing—review and edition: VAC.
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Silva, M.L., Carneiro, M.N., Cavalcante, R.M.B. et al. K-aurein: A notable aurein 1.2-derived peptide that modulates Candida albicans filamentation and reduces biofilm biomass. Amino Acids 55, 1003–1012 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-023-03288-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-023-03288-z