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RF/Microwave Resonators for Preclinical and Clinical EPR Applications: Current Status and Challenges

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Abstract

This article reviews the current status and challenges of using RF/microwave resonators for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging from the viewpoint of preclinical and clinical applications. In this review, resonator developments are summarized in the contexts of preclinical oximetry and free radical measurements in small rodents, clinical (human) oximetry, and human dosimetry. Guidelines for resonator development and optimization are also given for specific preclinical and clinical EPR applications.

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Notes

  1. For simplicity through the rest of this paper, we use the term pO2 (the partial pressure of O2) to indicate the measured level of oxygen in tissues although in reality some of the paramagnetic materials do not directly measure pO2.

  2. Examples of techniques that use indirect measurements are reviewed in ref. 3.

  3. Current designs being investigated call for the coupling loop to be located just below the body surface, especially in natural cavities such at the uterus, colon, or mouth.

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Funding

This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers JP19H02146 and JP18KK0304 (to HH) and NIH grants P01 CA190193 and U19 AI091173 (to HMS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North 14, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan

    Hiroshi Hirata

  2. Department of Radiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, HB7785, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA

    Harold M. Swartz

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  1. Hiroshi Hirata
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Correspondence to Hiroshi Hirata.

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HMS is part-owner of Clin-EPR, LLC which manufactures and sells in vivo EPR spectroscopy instruments for investigational use only.

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Hirata, H., Swartz, H.M. RF/Microwave Resonators for Preclinical and Clinical EPR Applications: Current Status and Challenges. Appl Magn Reson 53, 167–191 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-021-01413-3

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