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Stable (H, O, C) and noble-gas (He and Ar) isotopic compositions from calcite and fluorite in the Speewah Dome, Kimberley Region, Western Australia: implications for the conditions of crystallization and evidence for the influence of crustal-mantle fluid mixing

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Abstract

In this study, the C-O-isotopic data from calcite at Yungul and Wilmott (Speewah. Western-Australia) are integrated with microthermometry, H2O-, CO2-content and H-He-Ar-isotopic data from fluid inclusions in genetically related calcite and fluorite to map the origin and crystallization paths of the fluids. In addition to the hydrogen isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in fluorite, oxygen isotopic compositions were also determined by cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The geochemical data suggest mixing of a CO2-dominated mantle fluid and a H2O-domintated crustal brine. The fluid produced by this mixing is characterized by radiogenic (crustal-like) 3He/4He ratios, crustal-like δD values, relatively high salinity (19 − 24wt.% NaCl eq.), moderate homogenization temperatures (150 − 450 °C) and mantle-like CO2/3He ratios. Moreover, the large isotopic and elemental variations found in calcite indicate that its formation was accompanied by an extensive degassing (open system) leading to a decrease in δD and an increase in the CO2/3He values relative to the starting fluid composition. This degassing is consistent with the fluidal- and breccia-like texture of calcite observed in the field. In contrast, the fluorite which has coarse-grained banded to vughy textures formed in a passive aqueous system. Apparently the fluid that formed the fluorite has the same origin as the calcite, but the higher water content and the more radiogenic 3He/4He ratios reflect a greater involvement of crustal fluids. The historical description of the calcite-fluorite system in the Speewah area as “carbonatite” is now considered inappropriate because there is no evidence that crystallization is dominated by magmatic processes.

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Acknowledgments

L G Gwalani would like to thank Prof. D.I. Groves for introducing him to the Speewah geology. The research was initially undertaken with the support of Gledden Fellowship grant and was subsequently funded by Speewah Metals Ltd./King River Copper Ltd. His special thanks are due to Anthony Barton, for active support and encouragement throughout the study of the Speewah complex. We are very much grateful to the reviewers for their constructive suggestion and comments. We are also thankful for Csaba Szabó for his support and help in the microthermometric analyses. The mass spectrometry and the cavity ring-down spectroscopy facilities of the Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Budapest, was supported by the National Office for Research and Technology (GVOP-3.2.1-2004-04-0235/3.0) and by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA CK 80661). Drafts of the paper have been considerably improved by comments from Dr Julie Hollis at the Geological Survey of Western Australia and Prof Marco Fiorentini and Dr Geoff Batt from the University of Western Australia.

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  1. Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest, 1112, Hungary

    Gy Czuppon & A. Demény

  2. C/- Trident Capital Ltd, Level 24, 44 St Georges Tce, Perth, 6000, Australia

    R. R. Ramsay

  3. Department of Geology, Tinaztepe Campus, Dokuz Eylul University, 35160 – Buca, Izmir, Turkey

    I. Özgenc

  4. Speewah Research Project C/- King River Copper Limited, B-26/122 Mounts Bay Road, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia

    L. G. Gwalani & K. Rogers

  5. Centre for Exploration Targeting, ARC Centre for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia

    A. Eves

  6. Hertelendi Laboratory of Environmental Studies of the Institute of Nuclear Research of the Academy of Sciences, Bem tér 18/C, Debrecen, H-4026, Hungary

    L. Papp & L. Palcsu

  7. Lithosphere Fluid Research Lab, Department of Petrology and Geochemistry, Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Eötvös University, Pázmány P. stny 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary

    M. Berkesi

  8. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA, 6986, Australia

    P. J. Downes

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  1. Gy Czuppon
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Czuppon, G., Ramsay, R.R., Özgenc, I. et al. Stable (H, O, C) and noble-gas (He and Ar) isotopic compositions from calcite and fluorite in the Speewah Dome, Kimberley Region, Western Australia: implications for the conditions of crystallization and evidence for the influence of crustal-mantle fluid mixing. Miner Petrol 108, 759–775 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-014-0333-7

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