Abstract
This review focuses on the function of heterochromatin protein HP1 in response to DNA damage. We specifically outline the regulatory mechanisms in which HP1 and its interacting partners are involved. HP1 protein subtypes (HP1α, HP1β, and HP1γ) are the main components of constitutive heterochromatin, and HP1α and HP1β in particular are responsible for heterochromatin maintenance. The recruitment of these proteins to DNA lesions is also important from the perspective of proper DNA repair mechanisms. For example, HP1α is necessary for the binding of the main DNA damage-related protein 53BP1 at DNA repair foci, which are positive not only for the HP1α protein but also for the RAD51 protein, a component of DNA repair machinery. The HP1β protein also appears in monomeric form in DNA lesions together with the evolutionarily well-conserved protein called proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The role of HP1 in DNA lesions is also mediated via the Kap1 transcription repressor. Taken together, these results indicate that the function of HP1 after DNA injury depends strongly on the kinetics of other DNA repair-related factors and their post-translational modifications, such as the phosphorylation of Kap-1.
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Notes
FRAP shows, via fluorescence protein technology (for example, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged protein of interest), how a fluorescence probe diffuses throughout the sample. The fluorescence of fluorochrome (for example, GFP or mCherry) is destroyed by laser photobleaching, and the fraction that is not recovered represents the so-called immobile fraction (Bastiaens and Pepperkok 2000). The proteins that especially accumulate at nuclear bodies or chromocenters (clusters of centromeric heterochromatin) are characterized by a striking immobile fraction (Cheutin et al. 2003).
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This work was supported by the Czech Science Foundation grant number 302–12-G157. The research leading to these results received funding from the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009–2014 under Project Contract No. 7F14369.
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Bártová, E., Malyšková, B., Komůrková, D. et al. Function of heterochromatin protein 1 during DNA repair. Protoplasma 254, 1233–1240 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1090-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1090-3