Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Cytomixis—a unique phenomenon in animal and plant

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Protoplasma Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cytomixis is reported to be a uniform phenomenon in the context of fertilization during spermatogenesis of animals and in some lower groups of plants where oogamous reproduction prevails. However, the phenomenon is versatile in flowering taxa as it lacks uniformity in occurrences, causes, formation of intercellular bridges, involvement of number of cells in a cluster, evolutionary significance among others. A review on cytomixis is conducted with an objective that it may offer a scope to unravel some of the ambiguities associated with it and provide further information on cell, reproductive, structural and evolutionary biology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

Abbreviations

AI:

Anaphase I

CCs:

Cytoplasmic channels

DMYPT:

Drosophila melanogaster myosin binding subunit of myosin phosphatase

EM:

Electron microscope

IBs:

Intercellular bridges

MI:

Metaphase I

PMCs:

Pollen mother cells

RBM44:

RNA binding motif protein 44

TEX14:

Testis-expressed gene 14

References

  • Ajay KJ, Sarbhoy RK (1987) Cytogenetical studies on the effect of some chlorinated pesticides: II. Effect on meiotic chromosomes of Lens and Pisum. Cytologia 52:55–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baptista-Giacomelli FR, Pagliarini MS, de Almeida JL (2000) Meiotic behavior in several Brazilian oat cultivars (Avena sativa L.). Cytologia 65:371–378. doi:10.1508/cytologia.65.371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basavaiah D, Murthy TCS (1987) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv. (Poaceae). Cytologia 52:69–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baquar SR, Husain SA (1969) Cytoplasmic channels and chromatin migration in the meiocytes of Arnebia hispidissima (Sieb.) DC. Ann Bot 33:821–831

    Google Scholar 

  • Beadle GW (1932) A gene in Zea mays for failure of cytokinesis during meiosis. Cytologia 3:142–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedi YS (1990) Cytomixis in woody species. Proc Indian Acad Sci (Plant Sci) 100:233–238. doi:10.1007/BF03053475

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell CR (1964) Cytomixis in Tauschia nudicaulis Schlecht (Apiaceae). Cytologia 29:369–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellucci M, Roscini C, Mariani A (2003) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of Medicago sativa L. J Hered 94:512–516. doi:10.1093/jhered/esg096

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhal JR, Tyagi BR (1988) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of Papaver dubium L. Cytologia 53:771–775

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhat TA, Parveen S, Khan AH (2006) MMS-induced cytomixis in pollen mother cells of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.). Turk J Bot 30:273–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhojwani SS, Bhatnagar SP (1974) The embryology of angiosperms. Vikas Publishing House, Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobak M, Herich R (1978) Cytomixis as a manifestation of pathological changes after the application of trifuraline. Nucleus 21:22–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Boldrini KR, Bione NCP, Pagliarini MS (2003) Chromosome transfer among pollen mother cells of garden crotons (Codiaeum variegatum Blume). Cytologia 68:341–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boldrini KR, Pagliarini MS, do Valle CB (2006) Cell fusion and cytomixis during microsporogenesis in Brachiaria humidicola (Poaceae). South Afr J Bot 72:478–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun RE, Behringer RR, Peschon JJ, Brinster RL, Palmiter RD (1989) Genetically haploid spermatids are phenotypically diploid. Nature 337:373–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RC, Lemmon BE (1980) Ultrastructure of sporogenesis in a moss. Ditrichum pallidum: I. meiotic prophase. Bryologist 83:137–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell KA, Handel MA (1991) Protamine transcript sharing among postmeiotic permatids. Proc Natl Acad Sci 88:2407–2411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson JG, Handel MA (1988) Intercellular bridges and factors determining their patterns in the grasshopper testis. J Morphol 196:173–185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr DJ (1976) Plasmodesmata in growth and development. In: Gunning BES, Robards AW (eds) Intercellular communication in plants: studies on plasmodesmata. Springer, Berlin, pp 243–288

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chang YC, Chen YJ, Wu CH, Wu YC, Yen TC, Ouyang P (2010) Characterization of centrosomal proteins Cep55 and pericentrin in intercellular bridges of mouse testes. J Cell Biochem 109:1274–1285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng KC, Zheng GC, Nie XW, Yang QL, Wang YX, Zhou YS, Chen JS (1975) Light and electron microscopical observation on cytomixis and the study of its relation to variation and evolution. Acta Botanica Sinica 17:60–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper DD (1952) The transfer of deoxyribose nucleic acid from the tapetum to the sporocytes at the onset of meiosis. Am Nat 86:271–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das A, Datta AK, Ghose S (2009) Cytogenetical studies on two varities of Withania somnifera. J Trop Med Plants 10:249–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Datta AK, Biswas AK (1984) Cytomixis and a trisomic in Nigella sativa L. Cytologia 49:437–445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Datta AK, Mukherjee M, Iqbal M (2005) Persistent cytomixis in Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) and Withania somnifera (L.) Dun (Solanaceae). Cytologia 70:309–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De M, Sharma AK (1983) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of an apomictic ornamental Ervatamia divaricata (Linn.) Alston. Cytologia 48:201–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Nettancourt D, Grant WF (1964) La cytogenetics de Lotus (Leguminosae) III. Un cas de cytomixie dans un hybride interspecifique. Cytologia 29:191–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Souza AM, Pagliarini MS (1997) Cytomixis in Brassica napus var. Oleifera (Brassicaeae). Cytologia 62:25–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deason TR, Darden WH Jr, Ely S (1969) The development of sperm packets of the M5 strain of Volvox aureus. J Ultrastruct Res 26:85–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong LZ, Junying YX (1988) By isolating single spore for determine genotype of Pleurotus sapidus and Lentinus edodes. J Agric Univ Hebei. doi: cnki:ISSN:1000–1573.0.1988-03-014

  • Dong W, Li W, Guo GQ, Zheng GC (2004) Ultrastructural aspects of plasmodesmata and cytoplasmic bridges during spermatogenesis in Funaria hygrometrica. Acta Botanica Sinica 46:988–996

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong W, Li W, Zhang CG, Guo GQ, Zheng GC (2005) Three dimensional immunolocalization of actin in pollen mother cells of David lily. Act Bot Bor-Occ Sinica 25:8–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Duesberg P (1999) Are centrosomes or aneuploidy key to cancer? Science 284:770–771. doi:10.1126/science.284.5423.2089f

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dym M, Fawcett DW (1971) Further observations on the numbers of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids connected by intercellular bridges in the mammalian testis. Biol Reprod 4:195–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fadaei F, Sheidai M, Asadi M (2010) Cytological study the genus Arenaria L. (Caryophyllaceae). Caryologia 63:149–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Falistocco E, Tosti N, Falcinelli M (1995) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of diploid Dactylis one of the origins of 2n gametes. J Hered 86:448–453

    Google Scholar 

  • Fawcett DW, Ito S, Slautterback D (1959) The occurrence of intercellular bridges in groups of cells exhibiting synchronous differentiation. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 5:453–460

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gates RR (1911) Pollen formation in Oenothera gigas. Ann Bot 25:909–940

    Google Scholar 

  • Gayen P, Sarkar KP (1996) Cytomixis in maize haploids. Indian J Genet 56:79–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelin OEV (1934) Embryologische und cytologische studiem in Heliantheae–Coreopsidineae. Acta Horti Bergiani 11:99–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghaffari SM (2006) Occurrence of diploid and polyploidy microspores in Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae) is the result of cytomixis. Afr J Biotech 5:1450–1453

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgi F (1978) Intercellular bridges in ovarian follicle cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Tissue Res 186:413–422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gondos B (1973) Germ cell degeneration and intercellular bridges in the human fetal ovary. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 138:23–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschalk W (1970) Chromosome and nucleus migration during microsporogenesis of Pisum sativum. Nucleus 13:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenbaum MP, Yan W, Wu MH, Lin YN, Agno JE, Sharma M, Braun RE, Rajkovic A, Matzuk MM (2006) TEX14 is essential for intercellular bridges and fertility in male mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:4982–4987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenbaum MP, Iwamori N, Agno JE, Matzuk MM (2009) Mouse TEX14 is required for embryonic germ cell intercellular bridges but not female fertility. Biol Reprod 80:449–457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenbaum MP, Iwamori T, Buchold GM, Matzuk MM (2011) Germ cell intercellular bridges. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 3:a005850. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a005850

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo GQ, Zheng GC (2004) Hypotheses for the functions of intercellular bridges in male germ cell development and its cellular mechanisms. J Theo Biol 229:139–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta RC, Himshikha P, Kumar P, Dhaliwal RS (2009) Cytological studies in some plants from cold deserts of India, Lahaul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh). Chromsome Bot 4:5–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta SB, Gupta P (1973) Selective elimination of Nicotiana glutinosa chromosomes in the F1 hybrids of N. suaveolens and N. glutinosa. Genetics 73:605–612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guzicka M, Wozny A (2005) Cytomixis in shoot apex of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. Trees 18:722–724

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haglund K, Nezis IP, Stenmark H (2011) Structure and functions of stable intercellular bridges formed by incomplete cytokinesis during development. Commun Integr Biol 4:1–9

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haroun SA (1995) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of Polygonum tomentosum Schrank. Cytologia 60:257–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haroun SA, Al Shehri AM, Al Wadie HM (2004) Cytomixis in the microsporogenesis of Vicia faba L. (Fabaceae). Cytologia 69:7–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He Z, Wang H, Li J, Ye Q, Taylor CW (2004) Chromosome behavior during meiosis and development of spore mother cells in the Chinese quillwort Isoetes sinensis T. C. Palmer (Isoetaceae). Am Fern J 94:183–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heng-Chang W, Li JQ, He ZC (2007) Irregular meiotic behavior in Isoetes sinensis (Isoetaceae), a rare and endangered fern in China. Caryologia 60:358–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Heslop-Harrison J (1966) Cytoplasmic continuity during spore formation in flowering plants. Endeavour 25:65–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hime GR, Brill JA, Margaret TF (1996) Assembly of ring canals in the male germ line from structural components of the contractile ring. J Cell Sci 109:2779–2788

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Himshikha P, Kumar R, Gupta C, Kumari S, Singhal VK (2010) Impact of chromatin transfer and spindle abnormalities on pollen fertility and pollen size in Plantago lanceolata L. Cytologia 75:421–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoops HJ, Nishii I, Kirk DL (2000) Cytoplasmic bridges in Volvox and its relatives. Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet].Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience

  • Iqbal M, Datta AK (2007) Cytogenetic studies in Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. (Solanaceae). Cytologia 72:43–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob KT (1941) Certain abnormalities in the root tips of cotton. Curr Sci 10:174–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeelani SM, Rani S, Kumar S, Kumari S, Gupta RC (2011) Evaluation of cytomorphological diversity in Filipendula vestila (Wall. ex G. Don) Maxim., (Rosaceae) from Western Himalayas. Cytologia 76:403–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Johri BM (1984) Embryology of angiosperms. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur H, Gupta A, Kumari S, Gupta RC (2010) Meiotic studies in Poa annua L. from different altitudinal ranges of North India. Cytologia 75:313–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur D, Singhal VK (2012) Phenomenon of cytomixis and intraspecific polyploidy (2x, 4x) in Spergularia diandra (Guss.) Heldr. & Sart. in the cold desert regions of Kinnaur district (Himachal Pradesh). Cytologia 77:163–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kihara H, Lilienfeld F (1934) Kerneinwanderung and Bildung syndiploider pollenmutterzellen bei dem F1-Bastard Triticum aegilopoides × Aegilops squarrosa. Jap J Genet 10:1–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Körnicke M (1901) Uber ortsveranderung von Zellkarnern S B Niederhein Ges Natur-U Heilkunde Bonn A, pp 14–25

  • Koul KK (1990) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of Alopecurus arundinaceus Poir. Cytologia 55:169–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kravets EA (2012) Nature, significance, and cytological consequences of cytomixis. Cytol Genet 46:188–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar G, Sharma V (2002) Induced cytomixis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Nucleus 45:24–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar G, Tripathi R (2008) Induced cytomictic variations through abiotic stresses in grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.). Indian J Genet 68:58–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Singhal VK (2008) Cytology of Caltha palustris L. (Ranunculaceae) from cold regions of western Himalayas. Cytologia 73:137–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Singhal VK, Kaur J (2008) Cytomixis induced meiotic abnormalities in pollen mother cells of Clematis flammula L. (Ranunculaceae). Cytologia 73:381–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar P, Singhal VK, Kaur D, Kaur S (2010) Cytomixis and associated meiotic abnormalities affecting pollen fertility in Clematis orientalis. Biol Plantarum 54:181–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Jeelani SM, Rani S, Gupta RC, Kumari S (2012) Cytology of five species of subfamily Papaveroideae from the Western Himalayas. Protoplasma. doi:10.1007/s00709-012-0413-7

  • Kwiatkowska M, Maszewski J (1976) Plasmodesmata between synchronously and asynchronously developing cells of the antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L. Protoplasma 87:317–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwiatkowska M, Popłońska K, Wojtczak A (2003) Chara tomentosa antheridial plasmodesmata at various stages of spermatogenesis. Biol Plantarum 46:233–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson BMH, Barrett SCH (2000) A comparative analysis of pollen limitation in flowering plants. Biol J Linn Soc 69:503–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lattoo SK, Khan S, Bamotra S, Dhar AK (2006) Cytomixis impairs meiosis and influences reproductive success in Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq.–an additional strategy and possible implications. J Biosci 31:629–637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leitch IJ, Bennett MD (1997) Polyploidy in angiosperms. Trends Plants Sci 2:470–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levan A (1941) Syncyte formation in the pollen mother cells of haploid Phleum pratense. Hereditas 27:243–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Yang J, Pan YF, Guo GQ, Zheng GC (2003) Chromosome localization of genes that control synchronous development of pollen mother cells in wheat. Caryologia 56:275–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li XF, Song ZQ, Feng DS, Wang HG (2009) Cytomixis in Thinopyrum intermedium, Thinopyrum ponticum and its hybrids with wheat. Cereal Res Commun 37:353–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Guo GQ, He YK, Lu YP, Zheng GC (2007) Visualization on intercellular movement of chromatin in intact living anthers of transgenic tobacco expressing histone 2B-CFP fusion protein. Caryologia 60:1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lůcas WJ, Wolf S (1993) Plasmodesmata: the intercellular organelles of green plants. Trends Cell Biol 3:308–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnard JL, Yang M, Chen YCS, Leary M, McCormick S (2001) The Arabidopsis gene Tardy asynchronous meiosis is required for the normal pace and synchrony of cell division during male meiosis. Plant Physiol 127:1157–1165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari P (1950) An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Maity S, Datta AK (2008) Cytomorphological studies in F1 hybrids (Corchorus capsularis L. x Corchorus olitorius L.) of jute (Tiliaceae). Comp Cytogenet 2:143–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Malallah GA, Attia TA (2003) Cytomixis and its possible evolutionary role in a Kuwaiti population of Diplotaxix harra (Brassicaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 143:169–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal A, Datta AK (2011) Secondary chromosome associations and cytomixis in Corchorus spp. Cytologia 76:337–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal A, Datta AK (2012) Inter- and intra-plant variations in cytomictic behavior of chromosomes in Corchorus fascicularis Lamk. (Tiliaceae). Cytologia 77:269–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massoud R, Karamian R, Nouri S (2011) Impact of cytomixis on meiosis in Astragalus cyclophyllos Beck (Fabaceae) from Iran. Caryologia 64:256–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Mclean BG, Hempel FD, Zambryski PC (1997) Plant intercellular communication via plasmodesmata. Plant Cell 9:1043–1054

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miljajev EL (1967) Cytochimiceskoje I electron–mikroskopi ceskoje izucenje mikosporogeneza Citrus sinensis. Autoreferat Kandidaatskej dizertacie

  • Morikawa T, Leggett M (1996) Cytological and morphological variations in wild populations of Avena canariensis from the Canary Islands. Genes Genet Syst 71:15–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morisset P (1978) Cytomixis in the pollen mother cells of Ononis (Leguminosae). Can J Genet Cytol 20:383–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Mursalimov SR, Baiborodin SI, Sidorchuk IV, Shumnyi VK, Deineko EV (2010) Characteristics of the cytomixis channel formation in Nicotiana tabacum L. pollen mother cells. Tsitol Genet 44:19–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mursalimov SR, Deineko EV (2011) An ultrastructural study of cytomixis in tobacco pollen mother cells. Protoplasma 248:717–724

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narain P (1979) Cytomixis in the pollen mother cells of Hemerocallis Linn. Curr Sci 48:996–998

    Google Scholar 

  • Negrón-Ortiz V (2007) Chromosome numbers, nuclear DNA content, and polyploidy in Consolea (Cactaceae), an endemic cactus of the Caribbean Islands. Am J Bot 94:1360–1370

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omara MK (1976) Cytomixis in Lolium perenne. Chromosoma 55:267–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ong S, Foote C, Tan C (2010) Mutations of DMYPT cause over constriction of contractile rings and ring canals during Drosophila germline cyst formation. Dev Biol 346:161–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owen HA, Makaroff CA (1995) Ultrastructure of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Ecotype Wassilewskija (Brassicaceae). Protoplasma 185:7–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pagliarini MS, Pereira MAS (1992) Meiotic studies in Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem. (Rutaceae). Cytologia 57:231–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pantulu JV, Manga V (1971) Monofactorial ‘multiploid sporocytes’ condition induced by EMS in pearl millet. Genetica 42:214–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paolillo DJ Jr, Cukierski M (1976) Wall developments and coordinated cytoplasmic changes in spermatogenous cells of Polytrichum (Musci). Bryologist 79:466–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parisod C, Holderegger R, Brochmann C (2010) Evolutionary consequences of autopolyploidy. New Phytol 186:5–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patra NK, Srivastava HK, Chauhan SP (1988) B chromosome in spontaneous and induced intercellular chromosome migration of Papaver somniferum L. Indian J Genet 48:31–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Peng ZS, Yang J, Zheng GC (2003) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of new synthetic hexaploid amphidiploid (Aegilops tauschii × Triticum turgidum). Cytologia 68:335–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pécrix Y, Rallo G, Folzer H, Cigna M, Gudin S, Le Bris M (2011) Polyploidization mechanisms: temperature environment can induce diploid gamete formation in Rosa sp. J Exp Bot 62:3587–3597

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai PK, Kumar G, Tripathi A (2010) Induced cytomictic diversity in maize (Zea mays L.). Tsitol Genet 44:9–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey J, Schemske DW (1998) Pathways, mechanisms, and rates of polyploid formation in flowering plants. Tree 14:348–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Rani S, Kumar S, Jeelani SM, Gupta RC, Kumari S (2010) Effect of cytomixis on male meiosis in populations of Clematis grata Wall. from Western Himalayas. Chromosome Bot 5:61–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao MK, Koduru PRK (1978) Cytogenetics as a factor for syncyte formation and male sterilityin Pennisetum americanum. Theor Appl Genet 53:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Renzaglia KS, Garbary DJ (2001) Motile male gametes of land plants: diversity, development and evolution. Crit Rev Plant Sci 20:107–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Risueño MC, Giménez-Martín G, López-Sáez JF, R-García MI (1969) Connexions between meiocytes in plants. Cytologia 34:262–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson DN (1996) Stable intercellular bridges in development: The cytoskeleton lining the tunnel (Short Survey). Trends Cell Biol 6:474–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson DN, Cooley L (1996) Stable intercellular bridges in development: the cytoskeleton lining the tunnel. Trends Cell Biol 6:474–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson DN, Cooley L (1997) Genetic analysis of the actin cytoskeleton in the Drosophila ovary. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 13:147–170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roosen-Runge EC (1977) The process of spermatogenesis in animals. Cambridge University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Saggoo MIS, Gill A, Walia S (2011) Cytomixis during microsporogenesis in some populations of Croton bonplandianum of north India. Cytologia 76:67–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salesses G (1970) Sur le phénomène de cytomixie chez des hybrides triploïdes de prunier. Conséquences génétiques possibles. Ann Amélior Plant 20:383–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Sapre AB, Deshpande DS (1987) A change in chromosome number due to cytomixis in an interspecific hybrid of Coix L. Cytologia 52:167–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarvella P (1958) Cytomixis and loss of chromosomes in meiotic and somatic cells of Gossypium. Cytologia 23:14–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma V, Kumar G (2004) Meiotic studies in two cultivars of Cicer arietinum L. after EMS treatment. Cytologia 69:243–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheidai M (2007) B-chromosome variablity in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars. Caryologia 60:251–256

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheidai M, Bagheri-Shabestarei ES (2007) Cytomixis and unreduced pollen formation in some Festuca L. species of Iran. Caryologia 60:364–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheidai M, Fadaei F (2005) Cytogenetic studies in some species of Bromus L. section Genea Dum. J Genet 84:189–194

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheidai M, Attia S (2005) Meiotic studies of some Stipa (Poaceae) species and population in Iran. Cytologia 70:23–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheidai M, Nouroozi M (2005) Cytological studies on some species of Bromus sect. Bromus. Bot Lithua 11:141–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheidai M, Koobaz P, Zehzad B (2003) Meiotic studies of some Avena species and populations in Iran. J Sci IR Iran 14:121–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Shkutina FM, Kozlovskaya VF (1974) Cytomixis in meiosis in some grass forms in the subtribe Triticinae. Genetica 10:5–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidorchuk IV, Deineko EV, Shumny VK (2007) The role of microtubular cytoskeleton and callose walls in the cytomixis process in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) pollen mother cells. Tsitologiia 49:876–880

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal VK, Gill BS, Sidhu MS (1990) Cytology of woody members of Rosaceae. Proc: Plant Sci 100:17–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Singhal VK, Kaur D, Kumar P (2008) Effect of cytomixis on the pollen size in ‘seabuckthorn’ (Hippophae rhamnoides L., Elaeagnaceae). Cytologia 73:167–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singhal VK, Kaur D (2011) Cytomixis induced meiotic irregularities and pollen malformation in Clematis graveolens Lindley from the cold desert of Kashmir district of Himachal Pradesh (India). Cytologia 76:319–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soltis DE, Soltis PS (1999) Polyploidy: recurrent formation and genome evolution. Trends Ecol Evol 14:348–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinoto Y (1922) On the extrusion of the nuclear substance in Iris japanica Thumb. Tokyo Bot Mag 36:99–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith L (1942) Cytogenetics of a factor for multiploid sporocytes in barley. Am J Bot 29:451–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soman TA, Bhavanandan KV (1993) Temperature sensitive cytomixis in Helicanthes elastica (Desr) Dans (Loranthaceae). Cytologia 58:21–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song ZQ, Li XF (2009) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Caryologia 62:213–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Soodan AS, Wafai BA (1987) Spontaneous occurrence of cytomixis during microsporongenesis in almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) and peach (P. persica Batsch). Cytologia 52:361–364

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Souza VF, Pagliarini MS, Rodovalho M, Faria MV (2010) Meiotic behavior as a selection tool in silage corn breeding. Genet Mol Res 9:2096–2103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava P, Kumar G (2011) EMS-induced cytomictic variability in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Cytol Genet 45:240–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takats ST (1959) Chromatin extrusion and DNA transfer during microsporogenesis. Chromosoma 10:430–453

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarkowska J (1960) Cytomixis in the epidermis of scales and leaves and in meristem of root apex of Allium cepa L. Acta Soc Bot Pol 29:149–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarkowska J (1965) Experimental analysis of the mechanism of cytomixis: I. Cytomixis in vegetative tissues. Acta Soc Bot Poland 34:27–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarkowska J (1966) Experimental analysis of the mechanism of cytomixis: II. Cytomixis in the pollen mother cells of the lily — Lilium candidum L. Acta Soc Bot Pol 35:25–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyagi BR (2003) Cytomixis in pollen mother cells of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Cytologia 68:67–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Utsunomiya KS, Pagliarini MS, do Valle CB (2004) Chromosome transfer among meiocytes in Brachiaria nigropedata (Ficalho & Hiern) Stapf. (Gramineae). Cytologia 69:395–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasil IK, Aldrich HC (1970) Histochemical and ultrastructural study of the ontogeny and differentiation of pollen in Podocarpus macrophyllus D. Don Protoplasma 71:1–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ventela S, Toppari J, Parvinen M (2003) Intercellular organelle traffic through cytoplasmic bridges in early spermatids of the rat: mechanisms of haploid gene product sharing. Mol Biol Cell 14:2768–2780

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villeux R (1985) Diploid and polyploid gametes in crop plants: mechanisms of formation and utilization in plant breeding. In: Janick J (ed) Plant breeding revision 3. AVI Publishing Co, Wesport, CT, p 442

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang XY, Nie XW, Guo GQ, Pan YF, Zheng GC, Cheng KC (2002) Ultrastructural characterization of the cytoplasmic channel formation between pollen mother cells of David lily. Caryologia 55:161–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SY, Yu CH, Li S, Wang CY, Zheng GC (2004) Ultrastructural aspects and possible origin of cytoplasmic channels providing intercellular connection in vegetative tissues of anthers. Russ J Plant Physiol 51:97–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber J, Russell L (1987) A study of intercellular bridges during spermatogenesis in the rat. Am J Anat 180:1–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiling F (1965) Light and electron microscopical observation on cytomixis and its possible relation topotocytosis. Planta 67:182–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whelan EDP (1974) Discontinuities in the callose wall, intermeiocyte connections and cytomixis in angiosperm meiocytes. Can J Bot 52:1219–1224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Withers LA, Cocking EC (1972) Fine-structural studies on spontaneous and induced fusion of higher plant protoplast. J Cell Sci 11:59–75

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodworth RH (1931) Cytomixis. J Arnold Arbor Harvard Univ 12:23–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiu-Wan N, Xin-Yu W, Shang-wen C, Guo-chang Z (1991) X-ray microanalysis of ATP-ase reaction products in pollen mother cells of lily. Acta Biol Exp Sinica. doi: CNKI:SUN:SWSB.0.1991-01-002

  • Yanyou W, Jiemei LPX (1996) Investigation to origin way of B chromosomes in plants. Explor Nature. doi: cnki:ISSN:10004041.0.1996-04-016

  • Yen C, Yang JL, Sun GL (1993) Intermeiocyte connections and cytomixis in intergeneric hybrids of Roegneria ciliaris Trin. Nevski with Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng. Cytologia 58:187–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yun-sheng W, Yong-ping C (2006) Study on cytomixis on pollen-mother-cell (PMC) of "Arbo" wheat nullisomic lines. J Anhui Agric Sci 34:25–26, doi: cnki:ISSN:0517–6611.0.2006-01-013

    Google Scholar 

  • Zani BG, Edelman ER (2010) Cellular bridges: routes for intercellular communication and cell migration (Short Survey). Commun Integr Biol 3:215–220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng GC, Yang QL, Zheng YR (1987) The relationship between cytomixis and chromosome mutation and karyotype evolution in lily. Caryologia 40:243–259

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The Research is grant-aided by University Grant Commission (India) and DST-PURSE, University of Kalyani.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Cytogenetics, Genetics and Plant Breeding Section, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India

    Aninda Mandal, Animesh K. Datta, Benoy K. Ghosh & Arnab Bhattacharya

  2. Department of Botany, Pteridology–Palaeobotany Section, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India

    Sudha Gupta

  3. Department of Botany, Charuchandra College, Calcutta, 700029, India

    Rita Paul

  4. Department of Botany, Narasinha Dutt College, Howrah, 711101, India

    Aditi Saha

  5. Department of Botany, New Alipore College, Calcutta, 700053, India

    Mohsina Iqbal

Authors
  1. Aninda Mandal
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Animesh K. Datta
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sudha Gupta
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rita Paul
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Aditi Saha
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Benoy K. Ghosh
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Arnab Bhattacharya
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Mohsina Iqbal
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Animesh K. Datta.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Alexander Schulz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mandal, A., Datta, A.K., Gupta, S. et al. Cytomixis—a unique phenomenon in animal and plant. Protoplasma 250, 985–996 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-013-0493-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-013-0493-z

Keywords