Abstract
The gelatinous type of secondary cell wall is present in tension wood and in phloem fibers of many plants. It is characterized by the absence of xylan and lignin, a high cellulose content and axially orientated microfibrils in the huge S2 layer. In flax phloem fiber, the major non-cellulosic component of such cell walls is tissue-specific galactan, which is tightly bound to cellulose. Ultrastructural analysis of flax fiber revealed that initiation of gelatinous secondary cell wall formation was accompanied by the accumulation of specific Golgi vesicles, which had a characteristic bicolor (dark-light) appearance and were easily distinguishable from vesicles made in different tissues and during the other stages of fiber development. Many of the bicolor vesicles appeared to fuse with each other, forming large vacuoles. The largest observed was 4 μm in diameter. Bicolor vesicles and vacuoles fused with the plasma membrane and spread their content in a characteristic “syringe-like” manner, covering a significant area of periplasm and forming “dark” stripes on the inner wall surface. Both Golgi derivatives and cell wall layers were labeled by LM5 antibody, indicating the presence of tissue- and stage-specific (1→4)-β-galactan. We suggest that this specific type of galactan secretion, which allows coverage of a large area of periplasm, is designed to increase the chance of the galactan meeting the cellulose microfibrils while they are still in the process of construction. The membrane fusion machinery of flax fiber must possess special components, which may be crucial for the formation of the gelatinous type cell wall.
References
Chernova TE, Gorshkova TA (2007) Biogenesis of plant fibers. Russ J Dev Biol 38:221–232
Dupree P, Sherrier DJ (1998) The plant Golgi apparatus. Biochim Biophys Acta 1404(1–2):259–270
Fry SC (2004) Primary cell wall metabolism: tracking the careers of wall polymers in living plant cells. New Phytol 161:641–675
Gorshkova TA, Morvan C (2006) Secondary cell-wall assembly in flax phloem fibres: role of galactans. Planta 223:149–158
Gorshkova TA, Wyatt SE, Salnikov VV, Gibeaut DM, Ibragimov MR, Lozovaya VV, Carpita NC (1996) Cell wall polysaccharides of developing flax plants. Plant Physiol 110:721–729
Gorshkova TA, Salnikov VV, Chemikosova SB, Ageeva MV, Pavlencheva NV, van Dam JEG (2003) The snap point: transition point in Linum usitatissimum L. bast fiber development. Ind Crops Prod 18:213–221
Gorshkova TA, Chemikosova SB, Salnikov VV, Pavlencheva NV, Stolle-Smits T, van Dam JEG (2004) Occurrence of cell-specific galactan is coinciding with bast fibre development transition in flax. Ind Crops Prod 19:217–224
Gorshkova T, Ageeva M, Chemikosova S, Salnikov V (2005) Tissue-specific processes during cell wall formation in flax fiber. Plant Biosys 139:88–92
Haigler CH, Brown RM Jr (1986) Transport of rosettes from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane in isolated mesophyll cells of Zinnia elegans during differentiation to tracheary elements in suspension culture. Protoplasma 134:111–120
Hainfield J, Powell R (2000) New frontiers in gold labeling. J Histochem Cytochem 48(4):471–480
Hawes C, Satiat-Jeunemaitre B (2005) The plant Golgi apparatus—going with the flow. Biochem Biophys Acta 1744:465–517
He X-Q, Wang Y-Q, Hu Y-X, Lin J-X (2000) Ultrastructural study of secondary wall formation in the stem fiber of Phyllostachys pubescens. Acta Bot Sin 42(10):1003–1008
Jones L, Seymour GB, Knox JP (1997) Localization of pectic galactan in tomato cell walls using a monoclonal antibody specific to (1→4)–β-D-galactan. Plant Physiol 113:1405–1412
Jurgens G (2004) Membrane trafficking in plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 20:481–504
Prodhan AKMA, Funada R, Ohtani J, Abe H, Fukazawa K (1995) Orientation of microfibrils and microtubules in developing tension-wood fibres of Japanese ash (Fraxinus mandshurica vat. japonica). Planta 196:577–585
Reynolds ES (1963) The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17:208–213
Roland J-C, Mosiniak M, Roland D (1995) Dynamique du positionnement de la cellulose dans les parois des fibres textiles du lin (Linum usitatissimum). Acta Bot Gallica 142:463–484
Salnikov VV, Ageeva MV, Yumashev VN, Lozovaya VV (1993) The ultrastructure of bast fibers. Russ J Plant Physiol 40:458–464
Snigirevskaya ES, Sokolova YY, Komissarchik YY (2006) Structural-functional organization of Golgi apparatus. Cytology 48(1):57–81, (in Russian)
Surpin M, Raikhel N (2004) Traffic jams affect plant development and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5(2):100–109
Trukhanovets NL, Ruban VV, Ilchenko VP, Khotyleva LV (2001) Ontogenetic development of fiber cells of various fibre flax genotypes. Dokl Nat Acad Sci Belarus 45(2):86–88
Vassilyev AE (1980) Supporting (mechanical) tissues. In: Danilova MF, Kozubov GM (eds) Atlas of plant tissues ultrastructure. Karelia, Petrozavodsk, pp 221–234
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by grants 05-04-48906 and 06-04-48853 from the RFBR. We thank Dr. J. Paul Knox (University of Leeds, UK) for providing us with the LM5 antibody.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Salnikov, V.V., Ageeva, M.V. & Gorshkova, T.A. Homofusion of Golgi secretory vesicles in flax phloem fibers during formation of the gelatinous secondary cell wall. Protoplasma 233, 269–273 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-008-0011-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-008-0011-x