γ-Tubulin localization changes from discrete polar organizers to anastral spindles and phragmoplasts in mitosis of Marchantia polymorpha L.

Summary.

Unlike the astral mitotic spindle that is organized at discrete centriolar centrosomes, the spindle of land plants is typically anastral and its origin has remained obscure. Gamma tubulin (γ-tubulin), an important component of the centrosome, has been demonstrated at microtubule-nucleating sites in plant cells. Mitotic spindles of certain hepatics are initiated at distinct acentriolar polar organizers (POs) that appear de novo at the onset of mitosis. Data on the relationship of γ-tubulin to POs and to microtubule arrays throughout the cell cycle were collected from rapidly dividing cells of Marchantia polymorpha (Bryophyta) that were triple-stained for γ-tubulin, microtubules, and nuclei. POs at opposite ends of the elongated nucleus in early prophase stain brightly for γ-tubulin and astral microtubules emanating from them initiate the spindle. As the spindle develops, however, the γ-tubulin becomes dispersed from the highly concentrated spherical form of the POs to more diffusely organized cups at tips of the fusiform nucleus. By the end of prophase, all astral microtubules have disappeared and the γ-tubulin is located in several minipoles along the now broad polar regions of the spindle. At metaphase, γ-tubulin extends into the spindle itself. By telophase, the γ-tubulin has migrated from distal to proximal surfaces of the sister nuclei and extends into the phragmoplast. Upon completion of cytokinesis, γ-tubulin appears diminished and surrounds the nuclear envelopes. These data show that γ-tubulin is only briefly concentrated in the PO, migrates in a cell-cycle-specific manner, and is consistently present at all putative sites of microtubule nucleation.