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Development of ZnO-adorned glassy carbon electrode for voltammetric sensing and electro-kinetic investigations of antihypertensive drug efonidipine

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Abstract

The fast, accurate, and affordable determination of efonidipine is the need of the time for human mental health. In this work, we proposed a ZnO-adorned glassy carbon electrode (ZnO/GCE) for the voltammetric sensing and electro-kinetic investigations of efonidipine in pharmaceutical samples. ZnO-decorated glassy carbon electrode exhibit enhanced electro-catalytic activity, higher surface area, rapid electron transfer rate, and enhanced electrical conductivity, and these properties result in an amplified peak current response for the electro-reduction of efonidipine. The ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized by a simple and economical sol–gel method and characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques. The electro-kinetic studies of efonidipine on the ZnO-fabricated glassy carbon electrode were investigated using CV, EIS, LSV, DPSV, and chronocoulometry techniques. The diffusion-controlled electro-reduction of efonidipine produced three well-defined peaks in the cyclic voltammograms. The various electro-kinetics parameters such as diffusion coefficient (Do), heterogeneous rate constant (Kh), electron transfer coefficient (α), and surface coverage (Γ) were evaluated, and the mechanism of electro-reduction was proposed. The peak current in LSV and DPSV techniques shows a linear dependence on the concentration of efonidipine in the range of 0.5–10.20 µM with detection limits of 0.99 µM and 0.46 µM, respectively. The proposed ZnO/GCE sensor demonstrates a cost-effective and environmentally compatible approach for the detection of efonidipine in pharmaceutical samples.

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Acknowledgements

The present work was financially supported by University Grant Commission (UGC) New Delhi by providing a senior research fellowship (SRF) to one of the authors Rinky Agarwal (UGC No.16-6(DEC.2018)/2019(NET/CSIR).

Funding

University Grants Commission, New Delhi, 16-6(DEC.2018)/2019(NET/CSIR), Rinky Agarwal.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electrochemical Sensor Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302-004, India

    Rinky Agarwal, Rajesh Yadav, D. K. Sharma & Krishna Kumar Jhankal

  2. Department of Physics, Malviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur, 302-017, India

    Deependra Jhankal

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  1. Rinky Agarwal
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  2. Deependra Jhankal
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  3. Rajesh Yadav
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  4. D. K. Sharma
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  5. Krishna Kumar Jhankal
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Correspondence to Krishna Kumar Jhankal.

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Agarwal, R., Jhankal, D., Yadav, R. et al. Development of ZnO-adorned glassy carbon electrode for voltammetric sensing and electro-kinetic investigations of antihypertensive drug efonidipine. Monatsh Chem 155, 17–28 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03132-w

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