Abstract
Substituted 3′-methyl-1′,2-diphenyl-3,4-dihydro-1′H,2H-3,4′-bipyrazole and their square planar palladium(II) complexes of type [Pd(4n)Cl2], where 4n = bipyrazole-based ligands, have been synthesized. The compounds have been characterized by various techniques like elemental analysis, mass, absorption, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The complexes have been further analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), conductance measurement and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Interaction between compounds and herring sperm DNA has been studied by absorption titration, viscosity measurement, ethidium bromide displacement titration, and molecular docking study. The binding strength between compounds and DNA has been checked in terms of Kb, Ksv, and Kf values; while spontaneity of interaction has been checked by evaluating thermodynamic parameters like Gibb’s free energy, enthalpy change (∆H°) and entropy change (∆S°). The plasmid cleavage efficacy of complexes has been evaluated by gel electrophoresis technique. The minimum inhibitory concentration of compounds has been evaluated against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, B. subtilis, S. marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The in vivo and in vitro cytotoxic activity has been performed using cell viability assay and brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
Graphical abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Florea A-M, Büsselberg D (2011) Cancers 3:1351
Gautier A, Cisnetti F (2012) Metallomics 4:23
Icsel C, Yilmaz VT, Kaya Y, Samli H, Harrison WTA, Buyukgungor O (2015) Dalton Trans 44:6880
Raj Kumar R, Mohamed Subarkhan MK, Ramesh R (2015) RSC Adv 5:46760
Wagner-Schuh B, Beck W (2017) Z Anorg Allg Chem 643:632
Krogul A, Cedrowski J, Wiktorska K, Oziminski WP, Skupińska J, Litwinienko G (2013) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 23:2765
Bekhit AA, Ashour HMA, Abdel Ghany YS, Bekhit AE-DA, Baraka A (2008) Eur J Med Chem 43:456
Vanicek S, Kopacka H, Wurst K, Vergeiner S, Oehninger L, Ott I, Bildstein B (2015) Z Anorg Allg Chem 641:1282
Kalinowska-Lis U, Szabłowska-Gadomska I, Lisowska K, Ochocki J, Małecki M, Felczak A (2017) Z Anorg Allg Chem 643:993
Lippard SJ (1994) Principles of bioinorganic chemistry. University Science Books, California
El-Gamel NE (2013) Monatsh Chem 144:1627
Leela DS, Ushaiah B, Anupama G, Sunitha M, Kumari CG (2015) J Fluoresc 25:185
Nagababu P, Latha JN, Satyanarayana S (2006) Chem Biodivers 3:1219
Afrati T, Pantazaki AA, Dendrinou-Samara C, Raptopoulou C, Terzis A, Kessissoglou DP (2010) Dalton Trans 39:765
Jin VX, Ranford JD (2000) Inorg Chim Acta 304:38
Liu Z-C, Wang B-D, Li B, Wang Q, Yang Z-Y, Li T-R, Li Y (2010) Eur J Med Chem 45:5353
Raman N, Sobha S, Mitu L (2012) Monatsh Chem 143:1019
Tjioe L, Meininger A, Joshi T, Spiccia L, Graham B (2011) Inorg Chem 50:4327
Patel MN, Gandhi DS, Parmar PA (2011) Spectrochim Acta A 84:243
Chitrapriya N, Mahalingam V, Zeller M, Natarajan K (2010) Inorg Chim Acta 363:3685
N’Soukpoé-Kossi CN, Descôteaux C, Asselin É, Tajmir-Riahi H-A, Bérubé G (2007) DNA Cell Biol 27:101
Waring MJ (1965) J Mol Biol 13:269
Kalaivani P, Prabhakaran R, Ramachandran E, Dallemer F, Paramaguru G, Renganathan R, Poornima P, Padma VV, Natarajan K (2012) Dalton Trans 41:2486
Shanmugapriya A, Kalaiarasi G, Kalaivani P, Dallemer F, Prabhakaran R (2016) Inorg Chim Acta 449:107
Koumousi ES, Zampakou M, Raptopoulou CP, Psycharis V, Beavers CM, Teat SJ, Psomas G, Stamatatos TC (2012) Inorg Chem 51:7699
Wolfe A, Shimer GH, Meehan T (1987) Biochemistry 26:6392
Zhang Y, Zhang G, Li Y, Hu Y (2013) J Agric Food Chem 61:2638
Rajendiran V, Murali M, Suresh E, Sinha S, Somasundaram K, Palaniandavar M (2008) Dalton Trans 1:148
Rajendiran V, Murali M, Suresh E, Palaniandavar M, Periasamy VS, Akbarsha MA (2008) Dalton Trans 16:2157
Inclán M, Albelda MT, Frías JC, Blasco S, Verdejo B, Serena C, Salat-Canela C, Díaz ML, García-España A, García-España E (2012) J Am Chem Soc 134:9644
Dimiza F, Fountoulaki S, Papadopoulos AN, Kontogiorgis CA, Tangoulis V, Raptopoulou CP, Psycharis V, Terzis A, Kessissoglou DP, Psomas G (2011) Dalton Trans 40:8555
Tan C, Liu J, Li H, Zheng W, Shi S, Chen L, Ji L (2008) J Inorg Biochem 102:347
Tarushi A, Lafazanis K, Kljun J, Turel I, Pantazaki AA, Psomas G, Kessissoglou DP (2013) J Inorg Biochem 121:53
Psomas G (2008) J Inorg Biochem 102:1798
Moradi S, Ajloo D, Lashkarbolouki T, Alizadeh R, Saboury AA (2013) Monatsh Chem 144:1499
Lakowicz JR (2006) Principles of fluorescence spectroscopy. Springer, New York
Clever GH, Söltl Y, Burks H, Spahl W, Carell T (2006) Chem Eur J 12:8708
Macías B, Villa MV, Gómez B, Borrás J, Alzuet G, González-Álvarez M, Castiñeiras A (2007) J Inorg Biochem 101:444
Moreno RGM, Alipázaga MV, Gomes OF, Linares E, Medeiros MHG, Coichev N (2007) J Inorg Biochem 101:866
Barton JK, Raphael AL (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106:2466
Tweedy B (1964) Phytopathology 55:910
Patel MN, Patel SH, Chhasatia MR, Parmar PA (2008) Bioorg Med Chem Lett 18:6494
Meyer BN, Ferrigni NR, Putnam JE, Jacobsen LB, Nichols DE, McLaughlin JL (1982) Planta Med 45:31
Xu C-J, Shi Y-Q (2011) J Chem Crystallgr 41:1816
Trilleras J, Quiroga J, Cobo J, Low JN, Glidewell C (2005) Acta Cryst E 61:1892
Mehta JV, Gajera SB, Patel MN (2016) Med Chem Commun 7:1367
Patel MN, Bhatt BS, Dosi PA (2013) Spectrochim Acta A 110:20
Patel MN, Bhatt BS, Dosi PA (2012) Z Anorg Allg Chem 638:152
Baguley BC, Le Bret M (1984) Biochemistry 23:937
Gajera SB, Mehta JV, Patel MN (2015) RSC Adv 5:21710
Vekariya PA, Karia PS, Vaghasiya JV, Soni S, Suresh E, Patel MN (2016) Polyhedron 110:73
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India, for providing the laboratory facilities, U.G.C., New Delhi for providing financial assistance of UGC BSR Grant no. C/2013/BSR/Chemistry/59 and “BSR UGC One Time Grant”, vide UGC letter no. F.19-119/2014 (BSR).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Thakor, K.P., Lunagariya, M.V., Bhatt, B.S. et al. Bipyrazole-based palladium(II) complexes as DNA intercalator and artificial metallonuclease. Monatsh Chem 150, 233–245 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-018-2316-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-018-2316-6