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Augmented antiviral activity of chlorhexidine gluconate on herpes simplex virus type 1, H1N1 influenza A virus, and adenovirus in combination with salicylic acid

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Abstract

Background

The excessive usage of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial reagent can have a negative impact on the environment and on human health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of some plant-derived compounds in reducing the CHG concentration required to exert its antiviral activity.

Methods

Antiviral assays were conducted according to EN 14476 (2019) against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), H1N1 influenza A virus, and adenovirus type 5 (Ad-5) as enveloped and non-enveloped viral models to assess the synergistic interaction of CHG and natural additive compounds.

Results

The effective concentration of 0.247 mM CHG against HSV-1 was decreased tenfold in combination with 0.0125 mM salicylic acid, with a titer reduction of 1.47 ⋅ 104 CCID50/ml. The time required for complete inactivation of HSV-1 particles was reduced to 15 min when the virus was exposed to 0.061 mM CHG and 0.0125 mM salicylic acid. Additionally, the presence of salicylic acid protected the CHG activity against interfering substances.

Conclusion

Our supplemented CHG formulation showed immediate antiviral effectiveness, which is important for management of the infections. CHG can be combined with salicylic acid to exhibit synergistic antiviral activity at lower concentrations and reduce the time required for inactivation. Furthermore, in the presence of interfering substances, the combination has higher antiviral activity than CHG alone.

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Acknowledgments

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6455, Iran

    Niloofar Jamshidinia & Fatemeh Mohammadipanah

  2. Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6455, Iran

    Fatemeh Saadatpour & Ehsan Arefian

Authors
  1. Niloofar Jamshidinia
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  2. Fatemeh Saadatpour
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  3. Ehsan Arefian
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  4. Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
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Correspondence to Ehsan Arefian or Fatemeh Mohammadipanah.

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Communicated by Graciela Andrei

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Jamshidinia, N., Saadatpour, F., Arefian, E. et al. Augmented antiviral activity of chlorhexidine gluconate on herpes simplex virus type 1, H1N1 influenza A virus, and adenovirus in combination with salicylic acid. Arch Virol 168, 302 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-023-05932-1

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