Abstract
A novel lytic siphophage, PLG-II, which is specific for Lactococcus garvieae serotype II strains that are pathogenic to fish, was isolated from seawater samples collected from Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the PLG-II genome is a 32,271-bp double-stranded DNA molecule, with an average GC content of 37.74%. It contains 69 open reading frames (ORFs), 43 of which currently have no reliable functional annotation for their product, as well as a single tRNA. Comparative genomics analysis suggests that phage PLG-II might represent a novel species in the genus Uwajimavirus.
References
Ohbayashi K, Oinaka D, Hoai TD et al (2017) PCR-mediated identification of the newly emerging pathogen Lactococcus garvieae serotype II from Seriola quinqueradiata and S. dumerili. Fish Pathol 52:46–49. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.52.46
Nishiki I, Furukawa M, Matui S et al (2011) Epidemiological study on Lactococcus garvieae isolates from fish in Japan. Fish Sci 77:367–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-011-0332-0
Oinaka D, Yoshimura N, Fukuda Y et al (2015) Isolation of Lactococcus garvieae showing no agglutination with anti-KG-phenotype rabbit serum. Fish Pathol 50:37–43. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.50.37
Fukuda Y, Tue Y, Oinaka D et al (2015) Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of non-agglutinating Lactococcus garvieae with anti-KG-phenotype rabbit serum in Seriola spp. Fish Pathol 50:200–206. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.50.200
Shi YZ, Nishiki I, Yanagi S, Yoshida T (2019) Epidemiological study on newly emerging lactococcus garvieae serotype ii isolated from marine fish species in japan. Fish Pathol 54:51–57. https://doi.org/10.3147/jsfp.54.51
Mirzaei MK, Nilsson AS (2015) Isolation of phages for phage therapy: a comparison of spot tests and efficiency of plating analyses for determination of host range and efficacy. PLoS ONE 10:e0118557. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0118557
Park KH, Matsuoka S, Nakai T, Muroga K (1997) A virulent bacteriophage of Lactococcus garvieae (formerly Enterococcus seriolicida) isolated from yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. Dis Aquat Org 29:145–149. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao029145
Park KH, Kato H, Nakai T, Muroga K (1998) Phage typing of lactococcus garvieae (formerly enterococcus seriolicida) a pathogen of cultured yellowtail. Fish Sci 64:62–64. https://doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.64.62
Nakai T, Sugimoto R, Park KH et al (1999) Protective effects of bacteriophage on experimental Lactococcus garvieae infection in yellowtail. Dis Aquat Organ 37:33–41. https://doi.org/10.3354/dao037033
Gencay YE, Birk T, Sørensen MCH, Brøndsted L (2017) Methods for isolation, purification, and propagation of bacteriophages of Campylobacter jejuni. Methods Mol Biol 1512:19–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6536-6_3
Hoai T, Nishiki I, Yoshida T, Nakai T (2018) Host range and influence of a cell capsule on the phage efficacy of three Lactococcus garvieae lytic phages. Dis Aquat Org 128:81–86
Andrews S (2010) FastQC—A quality control tool for high throughput sequence data. accessed on 20th March 2021 http://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/
Bushnell B (2014) BBMap: a fast, accurate, splice-aware aligner. In: Conference 9th annual genomics of energy & environment meeting, Walnut Creek, CA, March 17–20, 2014
Wick RR, Judd LM, Gorrie CL, Holt KE (2017) Unicycler: resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads. PLoS Comput Biol 13:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005595
Altschup SF, Gish W, Miller W et al (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410
Delcher AL, Bratke KA, Powers EC, Salzberg SL (2007) Identifying bacterial genes and endosymbiont DNA with Glimmer. Bioinformatics. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm009
Besemer J, Borodovsky M (2005) GeneMark: web software for gene finding in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Nucleic Acids Res 33:451–454. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki487
Laslett D, Canback B (2004) ARAGORN, a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 32:11–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh152
Lowe TM, Eddy SR (1997) tRNAscan-SE: a program for improved detection of transfer RNA genes in genomic sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 25:955–964. https://doi.org/10.1093/NAR/25.5.955
Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D (2018) Annotation of bacteriophage genome sequences using DNA master: an overview. In: Methods in molecular biology. Humana Press Inc., pp 217–229
Zrelovs N, Dislers A, Kazaks A (2021) Genome characterization of nocturne116, novel lactococcus lactis-infecting phage isolated from moth. Microorg. 9:1540. https://doi.org/10.3390/MICROORGANISMS9071540
Moraru C, Varsani A, Viruses AK-2020 U (2020) VIRIDIC—a novel tool to calculate the intergenomic similarities of prokaryote-infecting viruses. mdpi.com 12
Sievers F, Wilm A, Dineen D et al (2011) Fast, scalable generation of high-quality protein multiple sequence alignments using Clustal Omega. Mol Syst Biol 7:539. https://doi.org/10.1038/MSB.2011.75
Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, Von Haeseler A, Minh BQ (2015) IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 32:268–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/MOLBEV/MSU300
Kalyaanamoorthy S, Minh BQ, Wong TKF et al (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. Nat Methods 146(14):587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285
Minh BQ, Nguyen MAT, Von Haeseler A (2013) Ultrafast approximation for phylogenetic bootstrap. Mol Biol Evol 30:1188–1195. https://doi.org/10.1093/MOLBEV/MST024
Sullivan MJ, Petty NK, Beatson SA (2011) Easyfig: a genome comparison visualizer. Bioinformatics 27:1009–1010. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOINFORMATICS/BTR039
Turner D, Kropinski AM, Adriaenssens EM (2021) A roadmap for genome-based phage taxonomy. Viruses 13:506. https://doi.org/10.3390/V13030506
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the Government of Japan for awarding the MEXT scholarship to Muhammad Akmal for his research.
Funding
This study was funded by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 21H02287 and 22K19214.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethics statement
This article does not contain any studies involving human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Handling Editor: Johannes Wittmann.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akmal, M., Nishiki, I., Zrelovs, N. et al. Complete genome sequence of a novel lytic bacteriophage, PLG-II, specific for Lactococcus garvieae serotype II strains that are pathogenic to fish. Arch Virol 167, 2331–2335 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05568-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05568-7