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Long-term protective immunity to goatpox in goats after a single immunization with a live attenuated goatpox vaccine

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Abstract

In this study, the duration of immunity following a single-dose vaccination using an attenuated live goatpox vaccine (GTPV/Uttarkashi/1978 strain) was evaluated in goatpox-seronegative goats for 52 months. Long-term immunity was evaluated by clinical protection upon virulent virus challenge and serum neutralization assay applied to serum samples. The rise in the level of GTPV-specific antibodies was found to reach a maximum at 21 days post-vaccination, and these antibodies were maintained for 1 to 2 years after immunization, with a steady decline. Upon virulent virus challenge at 12, 24, 42, and 52 months post-vaccination, protection in all the vaccinated animals was evident (100%), whereas, the control animals developed severe clinical disease. This is the first time that the long-term immunity of a live goatpox vaccine has been investigated up to 52 months after vaccination in goats by virulent virus challenge and demonstration of serum neutralization titres. This vaccine has immense potential for controlling and eradicating goatpox from an enzootic region.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), for providing all the facilities to carry out this research work, and the staff of the poxvirus laboratory, Division of Virology, IVRI, Mukteswar, for their technical assistance.

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Author notes

  1. Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash, Madhusudan Hosamani & Gnanavel Venkatesan

    Present address: FMD Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, H A Farm, Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 024, India

  2. Raj Kumar Singh

    Present address: ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243 122, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 138, India

    Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash, Madhusudan Hosamani, Gnanavel Venkatesan & Raj Kumar Singh

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  1. Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash
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  2. Madhusudan Hosamani
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  3. Gnanavel Venkatesan
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  4. Raj Kumar Singh
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Contributions

VB and MH designed and conceptualized the work and did the analysis. VB and VG obtained the data and carried out the analysis. VB, MH, and VG drafted the manuscript. All of the authors have read and approved the contents of the last version.

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Correspondence to Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash.

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The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Ethical approval

All laboratory animal experiments were conducted according to the norms of the Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Ministry of Environment and Forests, Animal Welfare Division, Government of India.

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Handling Editor: William G. Dundon.

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Bhanuprakash, V., Hosamani, M., Venkatesan, G. et al. Long-term protective immunity to goatpox in goats after a single immunization with a live attenuated goatpox vaccine. Arch Virol 167, 2035–2040 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05505-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-022-05505-8

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